On The Evolution Of The Ideological And Political Education Of The Early Kuomintang Army

During the first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation period,the Kuomintang,represented by Sun Yat-sen,drew lessons from the Soviet Union’s army-building model,set up the ideological and political work system in Huangpu Military Academy,and began the ideological and political education in the "Party-led" period.The ideological and political education system of the trinity of Party representatives,political ministries and Party ministries guarantees the "Party spirit" of the army to a certain extent,and the army based on the principles of anti-imperialism,anti-feudalism,supported the movement of workers and peasants,and "the combination of the masses and force" "reflected a certain degree of revolutionary character,making it known as a new army different from the ancient and Northern Warlord troops.However,with the changes of various factors such as the relationship between the "Party" and the "Army",the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party,and the rise of the right-wing forces of the Kuomintang represented by Chiang Kai-shek,the Kuomintang army began to split up,the undercurrent of Ideological and political education surged in the period of "Counterbalance between Party and Army" and declined in the climax.Until the period of "Army strangles the Party",the system of party representatives was abolished and the once-restructured Political Department became an aide.The Party Department has always been unable to perform its functions.The ideological and political education system that Losing of function has been reformed several times,but it has never been restored to the level of"leading the army by the Party".To sort out the evolution history of Ideological and political education in the early Kuomintang Army is of great significance for revealing the changes of the nature of the Kuomintang Army,enriching and perfecting the study of the history of the Kuomintang and the history of Ideological and political education in the army during the first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation period.In addition to the introduction and conclusion,this paper has six chapters.The specific research contents are as follows:The first chapter analyses the political,economic and cultural background of the ideological and political education of the Kuomintang army.Politically,the 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic,but it still did not change the nature of China’s semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.On the contrary,armed warlord separatism,mutiny and civil strife were one of the main reasons for political instability in the early years of the Republic of China.Imperialism not only divided the sphere of influence in China,controlled China’s politics and economy,but also colluded with imperialism,which became another main reason for China’s long-term poverty and backwardness.The victory of the October Revolution brought hope to the Chinese people.With the help of Soviet Russia and the Communist International,the social nature of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society was recognized by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China,and the nature,purpose and object of the revolution were more clearly understood.With the help of the Communist Party of China and the Communist International,the Kuomintang has completed its reorganization,reinterpreted the Three People’s Principles,and basically conformed to the CPC’s program in the stage of democratic revolution,making it the basis for cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.Economically,the import of foreign capitalist commodities has resulted in the decline of rural natural economy,which has led to the difficulties of peasants’ lives,the hungry people in groups and the displacement from their homes.The national bourgeoisie,which survived in the cracks,has been shrinking after a short period of prosperity,which has provided the motivation for the movement of workers and peasants.Culturally,ancient and modern warlord Army control and education methods still existed,extending to the Kuomintang army to a certain extent;after the 1911 Revolution,especially during the May 4th Movement,various parties and social trends coexisted,which made the Three People’s Principles and Marxism publicized publicly in the Kuomintang army during the United Front period,but the ideological difference was also a breakthrough of cooperation.Crack roots.Most of them relied on Sun Yat-sen,who is based on the Party,the new army and warlords.Successive failures have shown that revolution without the revolutionary army is futile.With the help of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China,the Kuomintang army has established the ideological and political education system and started the "socialist army management".The second chapter analyses the necessity of Ideological and political education in the Kuomintang army.This chapter,on the one hand,begins with the establishment of the Kuomintang Huangpu Army,analyses the development of the Kuomintang Huangpu Military Academy,the Educational Corps and the Party Army,on the other hand,analyses the Kuomintang’s transformation of the "guest army" in the south,and on the basis of this,generalizes the formation and characteristics of the Kuomintang Army during the period of "led by the Party",as well as the changes in the nature of the Kuomintang.Chapter Three analyses the introduction of Ideological and political education into the Kuomintang army and the evolution of its nature.This chapter first introduces Lenin’s main views on the ideological and political education of the army and the establishment of its political committees.The Red Army of the Soviet Union was formed on the basis of the former Red Guard and the old army.Its combat effectiveness was low,its discipline was poor and its organization was disorganized.Commanders of the former army were mostly commanders of the former army,which could not guarantee the nature of the army as a Soviet regime.Many problems urgently need to establish a system to ensure the Soviet regime,so there is a "special full power of the armed forces of the party to be responsible for".Through the system of political committees,the Red Army of the Soviet Union was confronted with fierce White army and foreign armed interference,which guaranteed the stability of the Soviet regime.During the first period of Kuomintang-Communist cooperation,the Kuomintang transplanted this system to Huangpu Military Academy.With the change of the relationship between the Party and the army,the confrontation between Ninghan and Han came into being after the Northern Expedition arrived in Wuhan,and the ideological and political education of the Kuomintang Army entered the period of "party and army stagnation".Because of the continuous incorporation of the Beiyang warlord troops,the lack of Ideological and political educators and the uneven quality of the personnel,the ideological and political education system of the army that has been continuously incorporated is not perfect and complete,and the ideological and political education can not effectively The army began to divide and degenerate.After the "412" and "715" Incidents,the relationship between the Party and the army changed from "governing the army by the party" to "controlling the party by the arms".The party representative system was abolished,the status and functions of the Political Department declined.The short-term party department could not replace the work of the political department at last.The ideological and Political Education of the Kuomintang army was thoroughly transformed into the tool of Chiang Kai-shek’s dictatorship.Chapter Four analyses the evolution of the ideological and political education of the early Kuomintang army from the changes of the Kuomintang army educators and educatees.During the period of "Party-led army",the Kuomintang army drew lessons from the political work of the Soviet Red Army and established the ideological and political work system in the army with the help of Soviet and Russian consultants and the Communist Party of China.The Soviet and Russian consultants were the promoters of the ideological and political education of the early Kuomintang army,while the Communist Party of China and the left of the Kuomintang were the main forces of the ideological and political Leaders and effective implementers of Ideological and political education in the National Army during the period of "Party Leadership".After the confluence of Ningxia and Han Dynasties,the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was split.The ideological and political education of the Kuomintang army was totally controlled by the right-wing of the Kuomintang,and the quality and source of the personnel were totally dependent on the military commander.With the change of Kuomintang-Communist cooperation,the policies of the Kuomintang have changed,and the objects of Ideological and political education of the early Kuomintang army have also changed,mainly manifested in the changes of the army,the people’s policies and the policies of the Beiyang warlords.The fifth chapter analyses the effect of the early Kuomintang army’s ideological and political education by changing its content and form.During the period of"Leading the Army by the Party",the main contents of Ideological and political education in Huangpu Military Academy were first analyzed.The ideological and political education in the army of the Chinese Democratic Party was analyzed from three aspects:the enemy,the people and the enemy.Although various forms of Ideological and political education of the Kuomintang army consolidated the southern regime in this period,there were hidden dangers.The Northern Expedition War was carried out rapidly during the period of "Counterbalance between Party and Army".The ideological and political education of the Kuomintang Army changed greatly,mainly in the form of "expanding power" abroad.However,because of the expansion of the army and the shortage of Ideological and political educators,the ideological and political education of the Army presented new characteristics,and the overall performance was "chaos".During the period of "the army strangles the party",great changes have taken place in the content and form of the ideological and political education of the Kuomintang army.The ideological and political education of the Kuomintang army has completely turned into a tool representing the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie and serving the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek.After the establishment of the Nanjing government,ideological and political education played a certain role in maintaining the rule of the Kuomintang through anti-Communist,anti-Communist and Chiang Kai-shek’s leadership,but it failed to make the Kuomintang army "the force of the masses".Despite frequent institutional adjustments,the ideological and political education of the Kuomintang army has not been restored to the level of "leading by the Party".Chapter Six firstly analyses the limitations of the ideological and political education of the early Kuomintang Army from the aspects of environment,system,team,content and object,and expounds the enlightenment to the ideological and political education of Communist Party of China from four aspects:ideology,team building,Party leadership and political belief.