Nationalism,Democratism And People’s Livelihood:the Presentation And Demonstration Of Major Issues Of The Anti-Japanese War In Ta-Kung-Pao From Multiple Perspectives (1931-1945)

In the context of saving the nation,China is faced with the national contradictions between China and Japan abroad and the class contradictions at home,and both the dual tasks of seeking national independence from abroad and seeking the equality of all ethnic groups at home.In January 1924,the first National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang deliberated and adopted the "Declaration of the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang" and "the Outline for the founding of the National Government",which added new content to the thought of the Three People’s Principles.At the same time,three stages of founding the country that "military politics","political tutelage" and "constitutional politics" are proposed at this conference.Thus,Sun Yat-sen’s New Three People’s Principles and the "top-level design" of national construction were formed.The press and media participate in the discussion of national social development issues through the way of agenda setting,and play an important role in mobilizing and guiding public opinion for the implementation of China’s mission of national salvation.In the process of saving the nation by revolution,modern Chinese intellectuals expressed their opinions on national salvation in the way of newspaper media,and participated in the discussion of national and social development.During this period,newspapers and media played an important role in public opinion mobilization and guiding for the practice of China’s mission of saving the nation.At the beginning of its publication,the Xinji Ta Kung Pao declared that "absolutely supporting the public interests of the people" was its "bounden duty",clearly put forward the "four noes" policy of “Not to be partisan,nor selling,nor private,and nor blinded”.It was committed to "contributing correct and practical knowledge to the people at any time",connecting its own newspaper purport with the national thought and social development,and laying its concern on national construction,social development and the public’s general will.During the publication of Ta Kung Pao,the discussion on nationalism,civil rights and people’s livelihood showed the paper’s choice of Sun Yat-sen’s political legacy and spirit of the New Three Principles of the People.During the publication of Ta Kung Pao,it often published and discussed the specific contents related to nationalism,civil rights,people’s livelihood,highlighting the newspaper’s choice of the political heritage and spirit of Sun Yat-sen’s new Three People’s Principles.This paper intends to take the Xinji Ta Kung Pao as the research object,and on the basis of reasonable use of Ta Kung Pao and other relevant first-hand documents such as historical materials of newspapers,archival documents,character diaries and letters,and in combination with Ta Kung Pao’s understanding of the New Three People’s Principles and the changes in the relationship between the newspaper’s dignitary and the national government.From this,the paper aims to explore the newspaper’s cognition of ethnic conflicts,civil rights construction and people’s livelihood concern,analyzes the presentation and display of the major historical issues related to the Anti-Japanese War in the Ta Kung Pao,and explores the interactive and interconnected relationship between the journalist,newspapers,media issues,national reconstruction and social reconstruction under the discourse of the Anti-Japanese War and the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and study the propaganda content of self-survival,national salvation,anti-Japanese war and the founding of the People’s Republic of China constructed by the newspaper in this process.The first part mainly analyzes the formation of Sun Yat-sen’s thought of the New Three People’s Principles and the cognition of it in Ta Kung Pao.In the process of national salvation,Sun Yat-sen formulated the revolutionary program of the New Three Principles of the People,which laid the political foundation for the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.In the context of the Anti-Japanese War,the choice and recognition of the New Three People’s Principles in the Ta Kung Pao are mainly reflected in the setting of media issues such as the orientation of nationalism,the choice of civil rights,and the concern for people’s livelihood in the Ta Kung Pao,which presents the relevant reports and comments in the context of the Anti-Japanese War,and shows its reinterpretation of the position and spirit of the New Three People’s Principles from the side.The second part is mainly based on the change of Sino-Japanese relations,combined with the recognition of nationalism in the new Three People’s Principles in the press,to explore the objective and subjective presentation of the major historical events of the Anti-Japanese War,such as the "September 18" incident,the "January 28" incident and the"August 13" incident,in the context of the Anti-Japanese War and the founding of the People’s Republic of China.In 1924,the nationalism in Sun Yat-sen’s New Three People’s Principles clearly put forward the goal of opposing imperialism and striving for the true freedom and independence of the Chinese nation.After the September 18 th Incident,the contradiction between the Chinese nation and Japanese imperialism became the main contradiction at that time.When the National government "did not resist" Japan,Ta Kung Pao established the propaganda policy of "know shame and teach how to fight,and its reports on Japan showed a propaganda bias of "slow resistance".Before the comprehensive war of Anti-Japanese,with the changes in Sino-Japanese conflicts,Ta Kung Pao’s negotiations on Sino-Japanese relations and its propaganda policies toward Japan were mostly shifted to the National government’s policies toward Japan.In the context of the Anti-Japanese War,the Ta Kung Pao made use of the propaganda and mobilization functions of newspapers to actively guide public opinion in the Anti-Japanese War,and played an important role in media mobilization for the overall victory of China’s Anti-Japanese War.The third part mainly starts from the perspective of "civil-rights doctrine",discusses the understanding and cognition of the civil-rights doctrine and its spirit in the New Three People’s Principles by the private newspaper Ta Kung Pao guided by the principle of "Four Nos" in the context of the Anti-Japanese War and the founding of the People’s Republic of China.As the theoretical outline of Sun Yat-sen’s political revolution,“civil rights doctrine” is an important guiding ideology for Sun Yat-sen to complete the construction of democratic revolution.In his Strategy for Founding the Nation,Sun Yat-sen formulated three steps of founding the nation: "military politics","political tutelage" and "constitutional politics".The military politics" takes the role of the revolutionary army to break the dictatorship of the Manchu Dynasty,eliminate the corruption of bureaucrats.The "political tutelage" to teach the people,increase their intelligence,and the "constitutional politics" calling for returning power to the people.The "period of political tutelage" played a connecting role in the top-level design of Sun Yat-sen’s great cause of founding.The fourteen year War of Resistance was in the transition stage from "political tutelage" to "constitutional politics",and the domestic demand for "returning power to the people" was rising.However,the Kuomintang government,which insisted on "one-party dictatorship",repeatedly postponed the convening of the National Congress.The newspaper’s perception of "civil rights doctrine" has always been in a state of development and change.During this time,Ta Kung Pao’s cognition of"political tutelage" and "constitutional politics" reflected its deviation from Sun Yat-sen’s civil rights doctrine and the steps of "military politics",“political tutelage” and "constitutional politics".Ta Kung Pao’s report on Xi ’an Incident formed a bias of "supporting Chiang Kai-shek",showing its deviation from the policy of "Four Nos".During the Anti-Japanese War of Cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party,the Ta Kung Pao paid great attention to the national government of "handling government affairs",which was expressed in the media discourse of "small curse but great help",which to a certain extent maintained the rule of the dictatorial government of Chiang Kai-shek.The fourth part mainly analyzes Ta Kung Pao’s cognition of people’s morality,people’s wisdom,people’s power and even people’s livelihood from the perspective of people’s livelihood concern.On the basis of analyzing the presentation and display of social issues in Ta Kung Pao,the paper explores the relationship between the "public opinion" embodied in the newspaper and the three steps presented in Sun Yat-sen’s founding program.In the context of the Anti-Japanese War and the founding of the People’s Republic of China,striving for national survival and national independence has become the mission of the times.Compared with Yan Fu and Liang Qichao,Sun Yat-sen proposed the "Three Principles of the People" of nationality,civil rights and people’s livelihood based on the macro level.Among them,civil morality tends to be inspired by "spirit" at the level of consciousness.Therefore,the paper selects disaster relief issues related to “people’s livelihood” and national education issues related to “people’s intelligence” as the object of discussion,and analyzes Ta Kung Pao’s position of demonstrating or serving people’s livelihood during the discussion of social development issues.The fifth part is to position the historical position of Ta Kung Pao in a comparative perspective.After the "September 18 Incident" to the outbreak of the Xi’an Incident,the contradictions between the Chinese nation and the Japanese imperialists gradually overpowered the contradictions between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party,which made a major turning point in the development of the whole Chinese history.The change of the nationalist content of "anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism" determines the development trend of civil rights doctrine and people’s livelihood doctrine to some extent,so the national contradiction between China and Japan in the context of the Anti-Japanese War becomes the core content of the three People’s principles of Sun Yat-sen’s revolution.This part,starting from the level of the changes in the national contradictions between China and Japan,mainly focuses on the September 18 th Incident in 1931 and the Lugouqiao Incident in 1937,and displays the recognition of the changes in Sino-Japanese relations and the guidance of Japanese public opinion by newspapers and periodicals with different attributes,such as the Hongqi Weekly,the New China News,the Ta Kung Pao and the Central Daily News,Then compare and analyze the differences between the KMT,CPC and non-party personages in the study and judgment of the changes in the national contradictions between China and Japan in different historical stages,so as to clarify the historical status of Ta Kung Pao in a comparative perspective.The new Three People’s Principles of Sun Yat-sen’s Revolution became the construction program jointly supported by the Chinese people during the Anti-Japanese War.In the context of the Anti-Japanese War,the practice of the mission of saving the country often involves the discussion of the content of the new Three People’s Principles,so that the interpretation and cognition of the Xinji "Ta Kung Pao" on national development,national reconstruction and social construction did not break away from the theoretical framework of the New Three People’s Principles of nationality,civil rights and people’s livelihood,which showed the newspaper’s choice of Sun Yat-sen’s political heritage.The understanding of the specific contents of the New Three People’s Principles in different stages of the Anti-Japanese War highlights the choice of Sun Yat-sen’s political heritage and his spirit in the context of the Anti-Japanese War and national salvation.The presentation and display of the major issues related to the Anti-Japanese War in the "Ta Kung Pao" reveals the paper’s purpose of "serve the society" and its unique speech choice and exploration path constructed and practiced in the complex interweaving of the relationship between journalists and politicians,journalists and newspapers,newspapers and the country,newspapers and society.