A Study On Mountain Chronicles Of Ming And Qing Dynasties

Mountain chronicles refer to a kind of comprehensive historical and geographical documents that record the evolution,geography,scenic spots,Confucianism,Buddhism,Taoism,property,art and literature and other aspects with mountains,and the style is roughly similar to that of local chronicles.According to incomplete statistics,there are as many as 240 kinds of mountain chronicles in Ming and Qing Dynasties,but the actual situation should be better.For a long time,the academic circles have mainly focused on the research on general chronicles,county chronicles,township chronicles and local chronicles,while the research on mountain chronicles is relatively weak.As far as the existing results are concerned,most of the research on other topics is carried out by using the materials in the mountain chronicles,or the research level of one or several mountain chronicles is lost,which is relatively simple,and the in-depth and systematic research on the mountain chronicles itself is not enough.There are no special research results yet,and the overall appearance of the Ming and Qing Mountain Chronicle documents need to be clarified urgently.Based on this,this paper,on the basis of carefully reviewing the records of the Ming and Qing dynasties,comprehensively uses the theories and methods of philology,local chronicles,and bibliographical culture to analyze the texts of the literature,trying to reveal the textual form,compilation situation and records of the mountain chronicles.The characteristics of Confucianism,Buddhism,Taoism and literary culture in the chronicle further clarify its historical status and values,and make an attempt for the systematic and in-depth study of Ming and Qing Mountain Chronicles or such geographical documents.First,this paper tries to sort out the origins of mountain chronicles and the general situation of mountain chronicles in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Mountain chronicles have basically experienced the evolution from ancient geography books and ancient history books scattered mountain chronicles data to mountain chronicles special chapters and then to mountain chronicles special books.The temporal and spatial distribution of mountain chronicles in Ming and Qing Dynasties is unbalanced.From the perspective of time dimension,the five dynasties of Jiajing,Wanli,Kangxi,Qianlong and Guangxu have the largest number.From the perspective of geography,the number of mountain chronicles in southern China represented by Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is the largest.Far beyond the northern region,this is closely related to the political and cultural environment of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,as well as the geographical and cultural activities and atmosphere of the mountains.Divided by the dimension of content orientation,the types of mountain chronicles can be basically divided into six types: geography,tradition,landscape,religion,character,and education.As far as the circulation of mountain chronicles in Ming and Qing Dynasties is concerned,it is mainly circulated among officials,literati,doctors,monks and Taoists,while famous mountain chronicles is more popular and commercialized,which affects the way of publishing mountain chronicles and the source of funds to a certain extent with the streaming situation.Secondly,this paper tries to examine the compilation law of Ming and Qing mountain chronicles.The compilers of mountain chronicles are mainly composed of three groups: local officials,local scholars and religious personnel.Different from the editing and editing of traditional local chronicles,local officials not only played a leading and organizational role,but also actually participated in the text compilation of chronicles,which effectively ensured the frequency and quality of the compilation of chronicles,but it did not form an institutional guarantee.Local scholars,monks and Taoists are the backbone of the compilation of mountain chronicles,which greatly enriches the number and types of mountain chronicles.Influenced by social identity,they compiled mountain chronicles and embedded their personal intentions into the text,either for the purpose of writing a history of the mountains,or guiding tours,or teaching themselves how to deal with them.The cultural game between Buddhism and the secular aspects reflects the diverse cultural demands of mountain chronicles compilers.The organizational mode of mountain chronicles texts is also influenced by the social and cultural conditions of the creators,especially the knowledge systems popular among the compilers.The textual reference in the process of compiling mountain chronicles mainly comes from local chronicles and mountain chronicles,and has a strong similarity.The materials of mountain chronicles are mainly obtained through official histories,local chronicles,old mountain chronicles,private writings,religious books and field interviews.In addition,mountain chronicles have distinctive features in three aspects: landscape narrative mode,mountain tour route setting,and application of mountain prints,reflecting its practical function as a book to help travel.Thirdly,this paper discusses the Confucianism,Buddhism,Taoism and literary content in the mountain chronicles of Ming and Qing Dynasties.Mountains and Chinese Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism have always had an indissoluble bond.This cultural phenomenon of mountains is often reflected in mountain chronicles,and it has also formed a major feature of the content of mountain chronicles in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,which is very culturally expressive.By combing through the complex contents in the mountain chronicles of Ming and Qing Dynasties,it analyzes the basic connotation of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,including the Confucianism and the application of the world and the mountain forest academy complex;Culture and official and local gentry support the main manifestations of the development of Buddhism;the three cultural aspects of the Taoist belief system in the mountains,the secular function of the high Taoist,and the Ming Dynasty emperor Taoism-respecting tradition,presenting the multicultural picture of mountain chronicles.mountain chronicles extensively collects mountain-related literary works,which is like a collection of literature devoted to mountain chronicles.Through comparative analysis with traditional local chronicles,mountain chronicles reflects the comprehensiveness and inclusiveness of traditional literature.Its collection concept and literary style are different from those of traditional local chronicles,and its literary attributes are more prominent.Correspondingly,mountain chronicles collection style focuses on poetry,biography,memoir,and novel.Lyrical style and narrative style are combined,especially travel notes and novels,which have their own artistic expressions.The literary works of mountain chronicles are rich in ideas,including singing of mountain scenery,expressing the desire to travel,entertaining landscapes,beautiful characters,and declaring immortals and Buddhas,which is an important representation of culture.Finally,the historical status and value of mountain chronicles in Ming and Qing Dynasties are discussed.As a kind of local chronicles,the mountain chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were criticized by historians of the Qing Dynasty and ignored by scholars in the Qing Dynasty due to the problems of inaccurate assessment of documents and miscellaneous content.The prosperity of mountain chronicles is also an expansion of the entire field of local chronicles in ancient China.The text form and content have reached the highest level of ancient mountain chronicles.The historical status of mountain chronicles in Ming and Qing Dynasties should be correctly understood.At the same time,the mountain chronicles of Ming and Qing Dynasties not only have important philological value and historical value for studying the social history,economic history and environmental history of ancient mountain regions,but also can obtain the practical effect of continuing and spreading mountain culture from the old mountain chronicles.