A Study Of Church Events And Compensation For Church Losses During The End Of Qing Dynasty In Western Mongolian Banner Of Inner Mongolia

The history of the spread of Catholicism in the outer Mongolian region under the treaty system of the Qing Dynasty is an important research topic.Among them,the incident of the Mongolian Banner’s persecution of religion became a key node in the history of the transformation of the Mongolian ruling system of the Qing Dynasty,the political and social changes of the Mongolian Banner,and the spread of Catholicism outside the Great Wall.At present,this topic has been discussed in academic circles,but due to the singleness of historical materials,it has not been studied comprehensively and deeply.The Western Mongolian Banner of Outer Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty became a typical area for the study of the Mongolian Banner’s compensation for religions due to its huge indemnity and complicated political and economic relations.The Mongolian Banner archives published successively in recent years provide more perspectives and broad space for the research of this topic.This paper takes the problem of reparation for teaching in the Western Mongolian Banner at the end of the Qing Dynasty as the research topic and makes full use of historical materials in Mongolian and Chinese to examine the occurrence of teaching cases and the process of reparation for teaching in Mongolian Banner,revealing the intricate interactive relationship among the Mongolian Banner,the Qing government,and the church.The first chapter discusses the process of Catholicism breaking through the restrictions of the dual ruling system of the Qing Dynasty and gaining a foothold and developing in the Mongolian Banner by relying on the provisions of the treaty.Among them,it is specifically pointed out that the Mongolian Prince Zhasak adopted a superficially responsible and secretly guarded attitude towards the Catholic missionaries who came to Mongolian Banner with passports from the Qing Dynasty.The key factors for Catholicism to finally gain a foothold on the ground of the Mongolian Banner are cheap Mongolian Banner land and poor inland immigrants.The second chapter discusses the Qing government’s declaration of war and peace negotiation in the Gengzi year and the anti-foreign religious activities in the Western Mongolian Banner.The Mongolian Banner obeyed the Qing government’s order to defend against Russia,prepared troops to defend against Russia,and followed the order to declare war to send troops to besiege the church.When the Qing government was defeated and turned to protect the foreigners,the Mongolian soldiers failed to retreat in time due to the obstruction of the dual ruling system.After the Qing government negotiated peace,taking into account the foreign vassal system,it took a cautious attitude towards the punishment of the foreign vassal Mongolian princes who opposed foreign religions,and the total compensation was not apportioned to the foreign vassal Mongolian banners.The third chapter mainly discusses the process of negotiating compensation for education in Western banners.Meng Banner is not active or active in the negotiation of compensation for teachers and adopts a procrastinating attitude.During the negotiation process,the roles of Generals Suiyuancheng and Ningxia came to the fore.In addition,the neighboring provinces intervened in the negotiations on compensation for education in the Mongolian Banner and determined the mode of compensation for education in which the Mongolian Banner will go out of the land and the neighboring provinces will send out the bank.The fourth chapter discusses the process of reparation for each banner.The compensation model of the three banners in the southern part of the Ikezhao League was the first to implement the compensation mode of the Mongolian banner from the land and the neighboring provinces from the silver.The process of benevolence in Dalat Banner can best reflect the stagnation of the Qing government’s dual ruling system.At the same time,the compensation for education and reclamation were combined,and the land for compensation for education became the entry point for the implementation of the Qing government’s policy of "releasing the land for reclamation".However,the reclaimed Mongolian Banner land eventually became private land,which was allocated to provinces and counties,and the classes were promoted and rented.This caused a fierce rebound from the Mongolian Banner and finally triggered the Dampier Anti-Cultivation Riot.Reparations to religion exacerbated the impoverishment of the Mongolian Banner,and intensified the conflicts within and between the banners;while the Catholic Church got a large area of land and huge indemnities,and ushered in considerable development.The Mongolian Banner was ordered to oppose foreign religions,and in the end,it was ordered to compensate the religions,pay indemnities,and sell land,which caused the prestige of the Qing government to lose the prestige of Mongolia.The Mongolian Banner’s compensation for education provided an opportunity for the Qing government to implement the policy of "freeing Mongolian land for reclamation",and promoted the integration of the Mongolian region and the interior.But at the same time,it exacerbated the crisis of trust between the Mongolian Banners of the Outer Domain and the Qing government and laid the groundwork for the turbulent situation in the Western Mongolian Banners in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.