On Evolution Of The Community At Mongolian-Han Region In Tumud Area Of Guihua Town In The Qing Dynasty

There is an area suitable for farming and animal husbandry,which is located in the southeast of Hetao Plain in North China,and which was called Chilechuan Plain in the North Wei Dynasty.After the Jiajing period in the Ming Dynasty,the area belonged to the territory of the tribe of the Tumud Mongols,and was called The Tumud Area of Guihua Town in the Qing Dynasty.Since the ancient ages,the area was a place in which the agricultural culture and nomadic culture were intermingled.Since the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty,the escapers and emigrants of the inland Han People began to gather in the place,which made the large scale Banshen(板升)agricultural gathering place come into being,and which made the local agriculture develop to a certain height.In the early period of the Qing Dynasty,the tribe of Tumud Mongols surrounded to the Qing regime,was reorganized according to the Banner System,and was ruled by the Qing government.During the reign of Kangxi Emperor,in order to settle down the northwest war affair against the tribe of the Jungar,the area of Tumud was finally chosen as the base to provide the grains for the Qing army.By employing the inland peasants to enter into the area of Tumud for agricultural development,this caused the farming area rapid expansive and changed the traditional mode of animal husbandry production.It causes the Tumud area of Guihua Town from the forbidden area gradually become the open area.Agriculture,commerce and Mining industry gradually got rooted and developed in the Tumud area of Guihua Town,and so the area was changed from the region of single Tumud Mongols to the regional of the Tumud Mongols and Han ethnic groups.In the process of the forming and development of regional,the Tumud area of the Guihua Town was affected by politics,economy,life and culture.Regional area develop as well,when the formation and development of the area was influenced varying degree by the politics,economy,life and culture.Especially Mongols and Han people enhance the understanding and subliming of emotion.Forming a normal state of the association,communication and blending,finally,it’s formed a regional society of Mongolian and Han ethnic groups,the regional area of Mongols and Han ethnic groups will be discussed in the dissertation in the three periods of incubation,formation,and development.The study includes the five parts:The first part is introduction and the first chapter,which is mainly related to the discussion of the thesis topic and the summary of the study,definition of related terms,sources of the data,the summary of the research,Ideas on topic selection,research methodologies,innovation points,correlations theory,relevant theory used in the research,and main structure of the paper,etc.The second part is the second chapter,in which the social development before the period of Kangxi in Qing dynasty is discussed.That is communication between the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups from the period of the Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty,and the social communication of the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups is discussed when they lived the same region under the development of the Ban Sheng(板升)agricultural economy,it represents that regional area of the Tumud had the potential social base from the period of the Jiajing in Ming dynasty.Next,the budding in the period of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty is discussed.On the political aspect,the founding of Tumud banner is traced back and the demographic restructuring of Tumud banner in the early Qing dynasty is reorganized.In the first year of the Yongzheng reign,the Qing government set up the administrative institution(ting;厅)of the Guihua Town to deal with the civil affairs between Mongolian and Han ethnic groups so as to cope with the increasing the Han immigrants,set up the Bao-jia(保甲)system of the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups in order to enhance the basic level society administering,meanwhile,aiming at the society conflict happened when Mongolian and Han ethnic groups social and economic intercourse,which was solved by civil and official mediation,which gradually forming the stable mechanism that make the conflict solved between the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups.On the economic aspect,the Qing government recruited a lot of Han peasants to the area to do the framing work and to reclaim the official farmland.At the same period,a lot of the official grain-land villages were formed.In the late period of Kangxi Reign and the early period of Yongzheng Reign,a few Han peasants gradually established land tenancy relationship with the Mongols,and co-existent pattens villages of Mongols and Hans were formed,too.Commerce also began to develop in some towns and villages.It’s inapparent that life association between Mongols and Han ethnic groups,who had the preliminary cultural exchange.The third part is the third chapter,in which to discuss the social development during the times of the Qianlong-Jiaqing period.It strengthened social governance.With more and more Han people entering into the area of the Tumud,the original administrative organization was adjusted and the official system improved,which is suit to the increasingly complicated development situation of the regional area of Mongolian and Han ethnic groups.On the economic aspect,it’s mainly development for the land reclamation time for the Tumud area,official land expand largely,and so Han individual peasants made the established land tenancy relationship with the Mongolian commonly.It’s obvious that agricultural production was promoted,the Mongolian people learned framing skill from the Han peasants,and so the Han peasants learned husbandry skill from the Mongolian people.The skills of agriculture and husbandry were improved attribute to the skill improvement of the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups.On the base of the tenancy,and also co-existent pattern villages of Mongols and Hans were formed numerously.On the other hand,the net between town and village formed widely.Besides,the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups made the coral exploitation.On one hand,it promoted communication between the Mongols and Han ethnic groups.On the other hand,the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups benefited from the fruit of the economy development.The Mongolian and Han ethnic groups lived the same area,non-governmental association are gradually increasing.They improved the relationship though the mutually beneficial kain,daily loan,marriage,jointly maintain the living environment,resistance to natural disasters,etc.,by which to promote the feelings between the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups.On the cultural aspect,hinterland culture was taken by the Han immigrants to the area of the Tumud,such as language,words,social rules,traditional opera.On the religion aspect,the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups maintained the shrine with the hinterland style,such as Dragon King Temple,Guan Yu Temples.The fourth part is the fourth chapter,in which to discuss the forming development of the regional society of the Mongolian and Han people.In the late Qing Dynasty,it’s long-term intercourse and acculturation between the Mongolian and Han people.On this basis,the original boundaries between ethnic differences became narrowing.The Mongolian and Han ethnic groups are all with local characteristics.Hence,Qing government adjusted the political measure to the area of the Tumud.That is to carry out the political reform of seven Ting(厅)and the measure of the temporary residents obtain registered residence.The political reform of seven Ting is adapt to administrative system of Zhou(州)and county in Shanxi Province,lay particular attention to the population of the Han ethnic group.The measure of the temporary residents obtain registered residence made the Han people to have a formal registered residence,it enhanced the identity and rights in the reginal society.It’s with close relationship between the Mongolian and Han people at agricultural-economic cooperation,that it gradually formed alternate state.On the one hand,the Mongolian land-owners obtained the profit of the farmland by employee management or entrusted operation.On the other hand,the Tumud Mongolian soldiers assigned by the Qing government,which went out for battle and died on the battlefield seriously during the Xianfeng-Tongzhi period,some family which lost the main labors rent the farmland to the Han land partners who helped doing the framing work so as to support the family.Besides,many Commercial towns developed to be mature.It’s obvious that,with the development of commodity transaction market,the Han businessmen took the good from home and abroad to sell in the local market,and so they collected the local product to transfer to the domestic market for exchange of needed goods.The local occupation formed and served the served local industries.The life communication between the Mongolian and Han people are more frequently.They did the daily mutual aids,and safeguarded the source of the life,with Intermarriage more common.The Mongolian and Han gentlemen,the Mongolian and Han people,and the Han people who had lived in the area of the Tumud for a long time gave a guidance to the regional area and safeguarded the regional society order.On the cultural aspect,the Mongolian and Han people resulted the integration deeply.Firstly,the life custom resulted in integration,such as the regional habit of diet custom,Chinesization of the Mongolian funeral customs.Secondly,the Mongolian and Han languages were blending,the Mongolian and Han people used opposite ethnic names for each other.Tumud Mongols used the Chinese commonly.Thirdly,the traditional opera was spread in the area of the Tumud,which brought about a lot of Mongolian opera talents.The Mongolian and Han people shared the source of the educational resources.Office and society made the conferring honor for the Mongolian and Han people to shape the Moral integrity.Besides,the regional belief formed,the Mongols and Han safeguarded the regional belief.The fifth part is the fourth chapter.Firstly,a conclusion is way of the evolution of the regional area of Mongols and Han people in the whole period,with the main discuss on the joined force of politics,economy and culture.It affected the form of the regional area of the Tumud,and gradually formed the regional society of the Mongolian and Han people with communication,blending,embedment.Secondly,relationship between the regional society of the Mongolian and Han people is discussed and the pattern of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation,which reveals that the regional society of the Mongolian and Han people and is a vivid illustration.At last,relationship between the regional society of the Mongolian and Han people of Tumud area of Guihua town is discussed and,the process of regional society of the Mongolian and Han people of Tumud area of Guihua Town is different from the some view of the Central Asian theory,It’ a counter example of Central Asian theory.The evolution of the regional society of the Mongolian and Han people of Tumud area of Guihua Town reflect the evolution that the inland Han people with the Mongolian people in economic interaction and the blending of life and culture.That is the history of the multi-ethnic area.It weakened particularity of the Mongolian banner,the regional characteristics is strengthen,and it weakened the boundary between the ethnic groups.Finally,the area became the model of ethnic harmony co-residence.It is an authentic proof that the construction of the consciousness of the Chinese national community in the northern border areas of China by the evolution of the regional society of the Mongolian and Han people of Tumud area of Guihua Town.