| The sustained growth of economy and the steady expansion of the population scale in China have generated huge water demand.The shortage of water resources has become the“bottleneck” restricting the sustainable development of China’s society economy.Rivers are the main fresh water resources in China,and reservoirs are an the main way for people to use the river water resources.The reservoir is either directly used as the urban water source or the source reservoir of major water transfer projects,and the redistribution of water resources in time and space can be realized by regulating runoff and storing flood to replenish dry water,so as to meet people’s demand for water resources utilization.The reservoir confluence area is the river basin above the reservoir dam.As an important water source,the water conservation forest in this area is the key to determine the water quantity and quality of the reservoir.The restoration and protection of water conservation forest is the key to prevent and resolve the ecological security risks of the river basin and ensure the urban water supply.As the most basic economic unit of forestry production in the reservoir confluence area,farmers are the main force of water conservation forest protection.At the same time,forest land and trees have become the livelihood resources of farmers after returning plowland to forestry.Under the threat of livelihood,farmers may also be the destroyers of water conservation forest.The “lush mountain sits there as before,lucid water runs forever”.How to guide farmers to participate in water conservation forest protection is the key to water source protection.Thus,the main purpose of this study is how to promote farmers’ continuous participation of water conservation forest protection in the reservoir confluence area.Collective forest rights are regarded as the most important policy means to affect forestry production and operation activities.The collective forest rights defined by law is transformed into farmers’ forest rights cognition through the implementation mechanism and cognitive system,which has an impact on farmers’ forestry production decision-making.Perceived value is the subjective perception of whether the protection behavior is“cost-effective”,and obtaining value is the fundamental purpose of farmers’ production behavior.Therefore,farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior is bound to be affected by forest rights cognition and perceived value.From the dual perspectives of forest rights cognition and perceived value,this paper studies farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior according to the forest ecosystem management idea of participation willingness-behavior intensity-continuous participation.It is based on multi-dimensional theories such as farmers’ behavior theory,property rights economics theory,perceived value theory,externality theory,bargaining game theory.On the basis of related literature review,the use of 708 farmer household’s micro survey data from Heihe Jinpen Reservoir in Shaanxi province,analyzes the situation and problems of water conservation forest protection in the confluence area,constructs the index system of forest rights cognition and perceived value,uses the entropy method and factor analysis method to measure and analyze the index system of forest rights cognition and perceived value.Further,using double-hurdle model,ordered probit model,structural equation model,etc mathematical models and econometric methods to explore unilateral and interactive influence mechanism of the two key factors of forest rights cognition and perceived value on farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior in the reservoir confluence area,and based on this,explores the path to optimize the collective forest rights and enhance the perceived value of protection behavior.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)Farmers in the reservoir confluence area participate in the protection of water conservation forest by investing labor and funds to afforestation.From 2015 to 2019,87.85%of the peasant households had input of labor force for forest production,84.46% of the peasant households had input of funds for forest production,and 65.54% of the peasant households will continue to participate in forest production in the next five years.The proportion of peasant households continuing to participate in afforestation has decreased,which indicates that the existing water conservation forest protection system in the reservoir confluence area has the problem of insufficient incentives for protection behavior.(2)The measurement of collective forest rights cognition can be divided into two aspects: property right integrity cognition and property right stability cognition.Integrity of property rights includes three dimensions: the right to use,the right to dispose and the right to profit.The cognition level of farmers in the three property rights sub items of the right to use is as follows: managing non wood forest products > freely selecting tree species >transferring to other forestry uses.The forest land disposal right actually enjoyed by farmers in the reservoir confluence area is only the circulation right.In the right of income,the right of farmers to use forest land resources to participate in forest production and obtain forest product income is basically guaranteed,and farmers have a high degree of awareness of exclusive enjoyment of forest economic property rights income excluding other subjects’ interference.However,the exclusive ability of farmers to obtain ecological property rights income which due to increased the supply of hydrological and ecological services by afforestation is relatively weak,and farmers think that their ecological property rights income is encroached to varying degrees.Stability of property rights includes two dimensions: the expectation to adjust and to expropriate.Farmers’ risk expectation of forest land adjustment is similar to that of forest land expropriation.The proportion of farmers who think that forest land adjustment and forest land expropriation may occur in the future is46.75% and 54.38%.(3)The perceived value of water conservation forest protection is divided into two dimensions: perceived gain and perceived loss.Perceived gain includes three value factors:economic value,ecological value and social value.Perceived loss includes three cost(risk)factors: behavioral cost,behavioral convenience and situational risk.In the dimension of perceived gain,the perceived levels of the three value factors are: ecological value > social value > economic value.In the process of participating in the protection of water conservation forest,in addition to the ecological environment needs,farmers also show strong income increase needs and social needs.In the dimension of perceived loss,the perceived levels of the three cost(risk)factors are: behavioral convenience > situational risk >behavioral cost.In addition to factor input and opportunity cost,geographical conditions,policy support and public opinion are also the risk sources of water conservation forest protection for farmers.(4)The results of forest rights cognition affecting on farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior show that obtaining ecological property right income is the main motivation for farmers to participate in water conservation forest protection.On the basis of willingness to participate,the integrity of other ownership such as economic property right income will have an impact on the intensity of behavior and continuous participation.Specifically,in terms of property rights integrity,ecological property right income has a positive impact on participation willingness,behavior intensity and continuous participation.Economic property right income has a positive impact on behavior intensity and continuous participation only when farmers have the willingness to participate,but has no significant impact on participation willingness.The right of use positively affects behavior intensity,but has no significant effect on participation willingness and continuous participation.Disposal right(forest land circulation right)has a negative impact on behavior intensity and continuous participation,but has no significant impact on participation willingness.In terms of property rights stability,farmers’ expectation of expropriation risk negatively affects participation willingness,behavior intensity and continuous participation.The forest land adjustment expectation negatively affects behavior intensity,but has no significant effect on participation willingness and continuous participation.(5)The results of perceived value affecting on farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior show that perceived gain and perceived loss are the two basic dimensions of perceived value of farmers’ water conservation forest protection.Perceived gain positively affects protection behavior,perceived loss negatively affects protection behavior,and the positive impact of perceived gain is greater than the negative impact of perceived loss.Economic value,ecological value and social value,as reflective indicators of perceived gain,have a positive impact on perceived gain,and the order of impact is: social value > ecological value > economic value.As reflective indicators of perceived loss,behavioral cost,behavioral convenience and situational risk have a positive impact on perceived loss.The order of impact is: situational risk > behavioral convenience >behavioral cost.In addition to directly affecting farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior,perceived value will also indirectly affect farmers’ water conservation forest protection through environmental concern and behavior attitude.(6)The results of forest rights cognition and perceived value affecting farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior show that forest rights cognition and perceived value have a unilateral impact on farmers’ water conservation forest protection,while their interaction also has a differentiated impact on farmers’ water conservation forest behavior.Perceived value interacts with different property rights sub item cognition,which has different impacts on farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior.The interaction between use right cognition and perceived value,disposal right cognition and perceived value have no significant impact on farmers’ willingness to participate,behavior intensity and sustainable participation in water conservation forest protection.The interaction between economic property right income cognition and perceived value has a significant positive impact on the behavior intensity and continuous participation of farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior,but has no significant impact on the participation willingness of protection behavior.The interaction between ecological property right income cognition and perceived value has a significant positive impact on farmers’ willingness to participate,behavior intensity and sustainable participation in water conservation forest protection.This conclusion once again verifies that the key factor affecting farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior is: whether it is “profitable”.Under the condition that the use right and disposal right are strictly limited,the main motivation for farmers to participate in the protection of water conservation forest is to obtain the benefits of ecological property right.The cognition of collective forest rights’ stability has a moderating effect on the impact of perceived value on farmers’ protection of water conservation forest.Among them,the forestland redistribution expectation has a negatively regulates the impact of perceived value on farmers’ protection behavior intensity.The moderating effect is not significant in the path of perceived value affecting farmers’ participation willingness and continuous participation in protection behavior.The forestland expropriation expectation has a negatively regulates the impact of perceived value on farmers’ participate willingness,behavior intensity and sustainable participation.(7)Defining the ecological property right of water conservation forest can be an effective way to improve the collective forest rights in the reservoir confluence area.The reality of hydrological and ecological services value can be an effective way to improve the perceived value of farmers’ water conservation forest protection behavior.Water conservation and water purification are the main values of water conservation forest.Farmers participate in the protection of water conservation forest by planting forests are the providers of hydrological and ecological services.Whether and to what extent the ecological value of water conservation forest can be realized determines the value judgment of farmers on water conservation forest protection behavior.Getting value is the fundamental motivation of farmers’ behavior.The external benefits of water conservation forest protection caused by the externalities of hydrological and ecological services are the crux of restricting the realization of the value of hydrological and ecological services.According to the theory of property rights,marketization based on clear property rights is an effective way to realize the internalization of external benefits.Then,by defining the ecological property rights of water conservation forest to improve the collective forest rights in the reservoir confluence area,the transfer of ecological property rights based on bargaining games will realize the value of hydrological and ecological services,which is a path choice to improve the perceived value of water conservation forest protection behavior. |
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