| As defined by the MA,ecosystem services are“the benefits people obtain from ecosystems”,which refer to the natural environmental conditions and functions formed in ecosystems and ecological processes that maintain human survival.Ecosystem services are important components of natural resource assets.Ecosystem service valuation is an emerging research field in the context of the continuous destruction of global ecosystems,aiming to raise people’s understanding of the importance of ecosystems,and promote the integration of ecosystem services into the national economic accounting system and ecological compensation system.Under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization thought,building a comprehensive evaluation system,and scientifically evaluating land ecosystem services are of great significance for protecting the ecosystem,maintaining national spatial ecological security,and optimizing the territorial spatial pattern of the country.Literature measurement and analysis indicate that there are still issues in the evaluation of land ecosystem service value both domestically and internationally,such as the need for precision in summarizing the evaluation results,the need for systematization of the evaluation methods,and the limitations of the application of results.This study improved the accuracy of land use spatial data by selecting source data;By refining land use types,the accuracy of land ecosystem classification has been improved;By conducting sample surveys,the accuracy of land output efficiency has been improved;We have established a comprehensive evaluation system and achieved systematic evaluation of the value of land ecosystem services;Further exploration of the application scenarios of the evaluation results of land ecosystem services has expanded the scope of application.This article takes the land ecosystem in Shandong Province(different from the marine ecosystem)as the research object.Based on land use survey data from 1996 to 2020,it integrates remote sensing data,provincial sample survey data,digital elevation data,socio-economic statistical data,and other multi-source data,using methods such as geographic information system(GIS),Python,regression analysis,spatial autocorrelation analysis,etc.,it constructs a land ecosystem service value evaluation system in Shandong Province with balanced value and material quality,and equal emphasis on quality and quantity.It reveals the quantitative and quality characteristics of land ecosystem service value throughout the province,and applies the evaluation system and results to the evaluation of single ecosystem(garden)service value,the spatiotemporal evolution of land ecosystem services,and the analysis of ecosystem protection zoning.Specific land resource research and management practices,such as the evaluation of the coupling relationship between urban development and land ecosystem services.Based on the research results,this article proposes relevant suggestions and development prospects for evaluating the value of land ecosystem services.The research results indicate that:(1)This article calculates the unit equivalent factor value of land ecosystem service value in the province in 2020,and calculates the equivalent factor table for 27 types of land use and corresponding 11 types of ecosystem service types in the province.It realizes the evaluation of land ecosystem service value in the province,16 prefecture level cities,and 136 county-level units.We analyzed the current characteristics and spatiotemporal evolution of the land ecosystem in the province using indicators such as the area of the land ecosystem,the value of ecosystem services,and the quality of ecosystem services.The results show that the ecological land in the province is deeply affected by human activities,with arable land accounting for a relatively high proportion,reaching 52.39%.The total value of ecosystem services in the province is 13977.87×10~8 yuan/a,accounting for approximately 20%of the province’s GDP.In the past 25 years,the ecological land area in the province has been continuously decreasing,from 1332.41×10~4hm~2 in 1996 to 1233.36×10~4hm~2 in 2020.The value of ecosystem services decreased from 14210.13×10~8 yuan/a in 1996to 13977.87×10~8 yuan/a in 2020.Land use changes have a significant impact on the value of ecosystem services in the province.(2)The quality indicators of land ecosystem service value reveal more profoundly the basic characteristics and spatiotemporal evolution patterns of land ecosystem in Shandong Province in the past 25 years.From the perspective of mean characteristics,there is a high consistency between the per capita and per hectare levels of land ecosystem service value in Shandong Province,but there are also individual differences.High value areas are concentrated in the coastal areas of northern Shandong,the hilly areas of the peninsula,and the mountainous areas of central and southern Shandong,while low value areas are mostly distributed in the plain areas of southwestern Shandong and urban built-up areas.From the perspective of contribution rate characteristics,the contribution rate Ⅰ of land ecosystem service value to GDP and the contribution rate Ⅱ to construction land in the whole province show obvious unity and differences.If high-value areas appear in cities such as Dongying,Jining,and Weihai,but the low value areas with contribution rate Ⅰ appear in cities such as Jinan and Qingdao,it indicates that the GDP of these regions has a high demand for ecosystem services;The low value areas of contribution rate Ⅱ appear in cities such as Liaocheng and Heze,indicating that construction land puts significant pressure on the local land ecosystem service value.From the perspective of equilibrium characteristics,there are significant differences in the equilibrium degree of land ecosystem service value across the province.Among them,high value areas of structural equilibrium degree of land ecosystem service value appear in cities such as Zibo,Yantai,and Rizhao,indicating that these regions have complex and diverse ecosystem types and balanced ecosystem service functions;The appearance of low value areas in Dongying City,Jining City,Heze City,Dezhou City,etc.indicates that the ecological system in these areas is relatively single.The high value areas of spatial balance appear in cities such as Liaocheng,Weihai,and Rizhao,indicating that the ecological systems in these cities are relatively uniform in spatial distribution.The low value areas appear in Jining,Qingdao,and Zibo,indicating that the spatial distribution of the ecological systems in these areas tends to be concentrated.From the perspective of balance/synergy characteristics,from 1996 to 2020,the value of various land ecosystem services in the province showed a clear synergistic relationship,that is,the value of ecosystem services decreased with the decrease of total ecological land use.From the perspective of spatial balance/collaborative characteristics,there is a certain degree of balance between food supply services and water source conservation services,soil conservation services,and soil erosion protection services in material quality assessment.This indicates that in high-value areas of food production,transitional farmland cultivation can easily lead to an imbalance between regional water source conservation and soil erosion protection.(3)The application research on the evaluation results of land ecosystem service value in Shandong Province has drawn the following conclusions:From the perspective of Shandong Province,the ecosystem of gardens can provide ecosystem service value of 612.73×10~8 yuan,accounting for 4%of the total value of land ecosystem services in the province,indicating that gardens are an important ecosystem.The spatial distribution of gardens in the province is extremely uneven,mainly distributed in local areas of the peninsula hilly area and the southern mountainous area of central Shandong,exhibiting extremely obvious long tail and fat tail distribution characteristics in statistics.The analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem services in the province based on the value of ecosystem services and ecological land shows that the dynamic degree of land ecosystem services in the province is relatively high,with the fastest changes in maintaining nutrient cycling value and raw material production services,while hydrological regulation services and climate regulation services are relatively stable.In terms of spatial distribution,the land ecosystem service value in the whole province shows significant positive spatial autocorrelation characteristics,namely,high value and high value clustering,and low value and low value adjacent characteristics are more obvious.The Gini coefficient of the value of land ecosystem services and the spatial distribution of ecological land in Shandong Province decreased continuously over time from 1996 to 2020,indicating that the ecosystem services in the province became regional equilibrium and the regional ecological characteristics continued to decrease with the decrease of the total area of ecological land.Based on the LISA spatial distribution characteristics of quantitative and quality indicators of ecosystem service value,this study divides the province into three types of ecosystem service protection areas:key protection areas,medium protection areas,and general protection areas,and proposes corresponding reasonable suggestions for land ecosystem utilization and protection.This study further applies the evaluation system and results of land ecosystem service value to explore the coupling relationship between urban development and ecosystem services in the province.Select 10 indicators to analyze the coupling relationship between urban development and land ecosystem services in 16 community cities and 78 county-level cities in the province.The results show that the coupling index between urban development and land ecosystem services is the highest in the central and eastern cities,but there are shortcomings in the structural equilibrium degree;The coupling index between urban development and land ecosystem services in Linyi City,Yantai City,and Weifang City ranks among the top in the province;Jining City ranks fifth in the province,but there are shortcomings in spatial balance;The coupling index between urban development and land ecosystem services is relatively low in cities such as Heze,Zibo,Liaocheng,and Zaozhuang.The shortcomings of these cities include per capita,per land,and net primary vegetation productivity.The coupling relationship between urban development and ecosystem services can clearly demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of local ecosystems,providing reference for urban ecological protection and high-quality development.Finally,this article proposes relevant suggestions from the aspects of improving the scientific value of land ecosystem services,establishing a comprehensive evaluation system,and accelerating the process of industry,academia,research,and utilization.And it is believed that deepening the research on the relationship between land use and ecosystem,clarifying the scope of benefits of ecosystem service value,unifying the standard system,and expanding application areas are the next research focus. |
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