| Clear waters and green mountains are golden mountains and silver mountains,which is the core connotation of ecological civilization thought of Chairman Xi.Timely,accurate,and dynamic understanding of the status of regional ecological assets can provide data support and scientific basis for ecological product management and development,ecological protection compensation,ecological environment damage compensation,and ecological resource rights and interests trading.It is a bridge between green water and green mountains and the only way to practice the"Two Mountains Theory".Ecological assets are a comprehensive reflection of the natural resource attributes and ecosystem service attributes of an ecosystem,and are the material foundation support for sustainable development of human society.Ecological asset accounting is the foundation for formulating systems such as natural resource balance sheet preparation,ecological compensation,and paid use of natural resource assets.How to scientifically evaluate the status of ecological assets and accurately measure changes in ecological assets,thereby promoting the scientific management and rational use of ecological assets,is one of the key issues that need to be solved to achieve the sustainable development goals of human society.In the past 20 years,many scholars have conducted a series of studies on the accounting of ecological assets in different regions,but there are many uncertainties in the accounting results,mainly due to differences in the definition,classification standards,accounting content,accounting methods,and other aspects of ecological assets in different studies.In addition,there is also a lack of accounting results for China’s ecological assets in long time series and continuous space.In response to the above issues and limitations,this article comprehensively utilizes remote sensing(RS),global positioning system(GPS),geographic information system(GIS)technology,ecological knowledge,and ecological economic theory to attempt to construct a relatively comprehensive and objective ecological asset accounting system;And propose a universal and highly operational ecological asset accounting method.On this basis,remote sensing images,soil,meteorology,ecological environment,and economic and social development data are used to calculate China’s ecological assets from 2000 to 2021 at the national and provincial scales;Analyze the distribution and spatio-temporal changes of the quantity,quality,and value of ecological assets,in order to provide reference and data support for promoting China’s strategy of transforming green waters and green mountains into golden mountains and silver mountains.The specific research content includes the following parts:1.Definition of the concept of ecological assets.Due to different perspectives and theoretical foundations of research,there are significant differences in the definition of ecological assets among relevant scholars.The main differences include defining ecological assets as landscape entities such as"mountains,forests,fields,grasslands,and lakes"based on ecosystem theory,and defining ecological assets as ecosystem services based on welfare theory.On the basis of summarizing the relevant research on the definition of ecological assets by various international organizations,national institutions,and scholars,this article defines ecological assets from both material and value aspects based on the origin of the concept of ecological assets.The substance of ecological assets is an ecosystem entity that can provide welfare for humans,and value is the value of the welfare provided by the ecosystem to humans.This article defines ecological assets as all ecosystems within a region that can provide services to humans and the value of these services.Subsequently,ecosystems and ecosystem services are classified.2.Theoretical basis analysis of ecological asset value evaluation.Value assessment is the focus and difficulty of ecological asset assessment.The research and practical work on the valuation of ecological assets in China are still in the exploratory stage,and there is no consensus on the theory and methods of measurement.Theoretical and model research is mainly focused on ecology and environmental scholars,and research results mainly focus on the relationship between ecosystem structure,ecological service process,and service function.There is an unclear source of ecological asset value and price formation mechanism,The lack of a reliable economic foundation for value assessment methods and other issues.Therefore,this article explores the theoretical basis for evaluating the value of ecological assets,including labor value theory and utility value theory,welfare economics theory,supply demand relationship and equilibrium price theory,public goods theory,externality and market failure theory,asset measurement theory,etc.The labor value theory and utility value theory explain the origin of the value of ecological assets;Through theoretical analysis of welfare economics,it can be concluded that for the welfare of ecosystem services,which do not have a real trading market,willingness to pay can be used as a monetary factor to measure value;The supply demand relationship and equilibrium price theory can serve as the fundamental basis for pricing ecosystem services;The theory of public goods,externalities,and market failure provides a fundamental framework for analyzing the supply and demand of ecosystem services;The scarcity theory in utility value theory can provide a basis for the spatio-temporal adjustment of ecosystem service value;The theory of asset measurement provides a scientific methodological basis for evaluating the value of ecological assets.3.Analysis of the content of ecological asset evaluation.From the concept of ecological assets,it can be seen that the evaluation content should include two parts:the physical evaluation of the ecosystem and the evaluation of the value of ecosystem services.The physical quantity refers to the ecological resources,while the value quantity refers to the value of the services provided by the regional ecosystem during the evaluation period.According to the basic path of measuring the value of capital and services,the value of ecological assets is equal to the product of the quantity and price of services provided by the regional ecosystem during the evaluation period.According to ecological theory,the quantity of ecosystem services depends on the area and unit area production capacity of the regional ecosystem,while production capacity depends on the ecological quality provided to the ecosystem.Therefore,before evaluating the value of ecological assets,it is necessary to first evaluate the area and quality of various ecosystems,following the path of"placing equal emphasis on both physical and value,first physical and then value".Based on this,the content of ecological asset evaluation should include three parts:the physical quantity of ecological assets(various ecosystem areas),quality(ecological quality of various ecosystems),and value(service value provided by ecosystems to humans during the evaluation cycle).4.Determination of ecological asset evaluation methods.This article proposes the following evaluation methods for various contents of ecological asset assessment:(1)The method for ecological asset stock assessment is based on Land Sat TM/OLI remote sensing images,processed through cloud removal,atmospheric correction,and radiometric calibration,using supervised classification and visual interpretation to obtain various types of land use data in the region,and scientifically evaluate the area and distribution of different ecosystem types at different research time points in the region.(2)The method for evaluating the quality of ecological assets is to construct an ecosystem quality evaluation index system based on remote sensing inversion of key ecological factors(such as NPP,RBD,NDVI,FVC,water quality,etc.)for different monitoring periods and data sources,with geographic patches(plots)and pixels as spatial constraints and ecosystem types as the basis,to achieve the evaluation of the quality level of different types of ecological assets.Using the proportion of different levels of regional ecological resources as weights,the ecological asset quality index is weighted average,and the regional ecological asset quality index is calculated to quantify the quality of regional ecological assets.(3)The evaluation method for the value of ecosystem services is as follows:firstly,a quantitative measurement method for various types of ecosystem services in the region is proposed.The measurement unit for any type of ecosystem service is defined as1 hm~2of the first level quality of the various ecosystems that provide the service,and the ecological quality index is used to convert the various ecosystems that provide the service in the second to fifth level,The converted value is the ecosystem service value under the measurement unit defined in this article;Afterwards,a method for determining the unit price of ecosystem services was proposed.Based on the theory of ecological asset value evaluation and the research results of Xie Gaodi et al.(2015),the unit value of various ecosystem services in China in 2010 was calculated.Then,spatio-temporal adjustments were made using data on regional ecological asset quality,population,economy,social development,grain yield,and prices,Calculate the unit prices of various ecosystem services in different time and space;Finally,multiplying quantity by price is the value of ecosystem services within the region.5.Evaluate China’s ecological assets from 2000 to 2021 at the national and provincial levels.Based on the ecological asset evaluation framework system established in this article,combined with the process of ecological civilization construction in China,and using the ecological asset evaluation framework evaluation method proposed earlier,the research period of 2000-2021 is selected to evaluate China’s ecological assets.Firstly,using Landsat TM remote sensing images and ground survey data from 2000 to 2021,the quantity and distribution of different time nodes and ecosystem types in each study area were scientifically evaluated at national and provincial scales;Afterwards,based on the ecological environment characteristics of each research area,combined with multi-source remote sensing data and ground survey data during the monitoring period,and using the regional ecological asset quality assessment method constructed in this article,a dynamic evaluation of the ecological asset quality of China’s national and provincial regions was conducted;Then,using the ecological asset value evaluation method proposed in this article,a spatio-temporal dynamic evaluation was conducted on the value of ecological assets in China from 2000 to 2021;Finally,based on the results of ecological asset assessment,the spatio-temporal changes in China’s ecological asset situation from 2000 to 2021 were analyzed,and the dynamic evolution patterns and laws of regional ecological assets were summarized.This achieved the understanding and elaboration of the spatio-temporal changes in China’s ecological assets based on national and provincial scales.The main contributions of this study are as follows:1.A relatively scientific and standardized framework system for ecological asset accounting has been proposed.Due to different perspectives and theoretical foundations of research,there are significant differences in the definition of ecological assets among relevant scholars.The main differences include defining ecological assets as landscape entities such as"mountains,forests,fields,grasslands,and lakes"based on ecosystem theory,and defining ecological assets as ecosystem services based on welfare theory.The different definitions of concepts lead to significant differences in the content and methods of ecological asset accounting.The accounting system established by ecosystem theorists mainly focuses on material value,including two parts:quantity accounting and quality accounting of natural resources;The accounting system established by welfare scholars mainly focuses on value quantification,mainly focusing on the value quantification of various services provided by ecosystems.This article believes that the key to determining the concept of ecological assets is that ecosystems provide welfare and value to humans.Therefore,both ecosystem entities and welfare value are indispensable to the concept of ecological assets.Therefore,this article believes that ecological assets should include two parts:the entity of the ecosystem and the welfare value it provides to humans.On the basis of determining the concept of ecological assets,this article refers to the latest authoritative research results at home and abroad and proposes a relatively standardized framework system for ecological asset accounting.In the design process of this system,efforts are made to explore statistical norms for ecological asset accounting,aiming to accumulate experience for the formation of a universal ecological asset accounting system,standard system,and support system,Provide reference value for academic research and practical work on ecological asset accounting.2.Proposed an ecological asset value evaluation method that balances scientificity,ease of operation,universality,consistency,and comparability.This article proposes a method for evaluating the natural attributes of ecological assets based on grid scale point units and the socio-economic attributes of ecological assets based on administrative region vector surface units.The method is well-organized,complete,and orderly,and the theoretical basis is relatively clear;The required data is easy to obtain and has strong operability;And it can be applied to the scientific dynamic evaluation of ecological asset values in different time and space,with strong comparability of evaluation results.This study evaluates China’s ecological assets for 22 evaluation periods from 2000 to 2021 based on national and provincial scales,and compares the ecological asset status in different time and space using the evaluation results.These works demonstrate that the ecological asset evaluation system and method proposed in this article have good applicability in different evaluation periods and research areas,solving various problems caused by the lack of universality in existing evaluation methods.In addition,this method strictly follows the basic path of capital evaluation and adopts a unified information presentation method.The evaluation results can achieve a comparison of the quantity,quality,and value of various types of ecological assets in different time and space;The evaluation results help to form a clear understanding of regional ecological assets and changes,which can provide a detailed and reliable data basis for resource management decisions.3.A complete depiction of the continuous spatio-temporal changes in China’s ecological asset situation since 2000.This study evaluates the quantity,quality,and value of ecological assets in China from 2000 to 2021 at the national and provincial scales.Based on continuous time and space,it displays the distribution characteristics and spatio-temporal evolution process of the quantity,quality,and value of regional ecological assets,providing corresponding data support for decision-makers when formulating policies at different scales. |
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