Construction And Validation Of "Behavior And Brain Collaborative Improvement" Exercise Intervention Mode Of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD)is a serious mental and neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in early childhood and persists throughout life.It is manifested as developmental disorder of brain intrinsic substances and explicit behavioral problems,among which the former contains developmental disorder of brain structure and function,and the latter contains core symptoms,executive dysfunction and decline of physical health.Up to now,the etiology of ASD is not clear and can not be completely cured.How to effectively improve and alleviate behavioral problems and brain development disorders has become the focus of ASD research.Studies have shown that exercise is an effective intervention for ASD behavioral problems and brain development disorders.However,it cannot be widely applied,mainly because existing ASD exercise intervention programs have outstanding problems such as single goal,weak in theoretical basis,scattered content settings,failure to establish a complete framework for exercise intervention,etc.,which hinder the development and promotion of exercise in the field of ASD rehabilitation and treatment.The construction of intervention model provides countermeasures to solve these problems.However,there is no mature exercise intervention model in the field of autism exercise at present.How to effectively construct exercise intervention model has become a difficulty in the field of autism exercise research.The construction of exercise intervention model with the characteristics of diversified objectives,comprehensive theoretical basis,systematic and standardized design principles and implementation strategies provides countermeasures to solve this difficulty.With the rapid development of brain science,the results of brain science provide a scientific and reliable perspective for guiding practice.The brain is the physiological basis of behavior,behavior is an external manifestation of the brain.The relationship between brain and behavior is dialectical unity.The relationship between behavior and brain can be described as mutual influence and mutual promotion.It is suggested that only focusing on behavioral problems and ignoring brain developmental disorders can not achieve the best effect of intervention when constructing the ASD exercise intervention model.Therefore,while focusing on the improvement of behavioral problems of ASD,the brain developmental disorders of ASD should also be improved,so as to form a circular effect of complementary brain and behavior,and achieve the effect of" behavior and brain collaborative improvement ".Based on this,this study combines theoretical research with empirical research,takes the concept of" behavior and brain collaborative improvement " as the concept,and constructs an autism exercise intervention model from seven aspects:"intervention goal,intervention theory,intervention principle,intervention strategy,intervention content,organization form and intervention evaluation",supplemented by verification.It enriched the theoretical basis and provided a new paradigm for the field of ASD exercise intervention,provided a new perspective and direction for the establishment of ASD intervention mode in the future,and provided action guidelines and experience framework for the design and implementation of exercise intervention programs for first-line hospital treatment staff and teaching staff in special schools.This research includes the following three parts:Ⅰ:Preliminary construction of "behavior and brain collaborative improvement" exercise intervention mode of ASDThrough theoretical research,literature analysis and meta-analysis,an exercise intervention model of autism with the concept of "behavior and brain collaborative improvement" was constructed.The specific manifestations are as follows:(1)while focusing on the improvement of behavioral problems,it also takes into account the improvement of brain developmental disorders,forming a synergistic effect of brain and behavior,and puts forward a variety of intervention goals of "improving behavioral problems(core symptoms,executive dysfunction,decline in physical health)and brain(structural and functional)developmental disorders";(2)With the help of the research achievements of psychology,brain science and sports science,the theoretical basis including "Piaget’s cognitive development theory,the multi-path model of sports to improve the brain of children and adolescents,and the play theory" is built;(3)Considering that exercise intervention should follow the basic law of individual development and the particularity of autistic individuals,the intervention principles including "development,difference,structure and flexibility" are formulated to regulate the design of exercise intervention.;(4)Autism intervention strategies and sports teaching strategies are integrated to form intervention strategies that include "visual communication,prompt guidance,repetitive imitation,behavior reinforcement,action differentiation,individualized management,and peer/parent assistance",so as to promote the implementation effect of sports intervention;(5)The optimal exercise load of "more than 60 minutes of single exercise time,3-5 times of exercise frequency per week,no less than 12 weeks of exercise cycle and moderate exercise intensity" was summarized,as well as the intervention content of "ball games,sports games with basic motor skills,combat sports,water exercise therapy" that met different developmental characteristics of autism.It provides reference for scientific design of sports intervention scheme;(6)Advocate a "collective" form of intervention organization to promote the socialization of autistic individuals;(7)To monitor the effect of exercise intervention,an intervention assessment including "behavior(core symptoms,executive dysfunction,decline in physical health)and brain(structure and function)" was established by benchmarking intervention targetsⅡ:Modification and improvement of "behavior and brain collaborative improvement"exercise intervention mode of ASDThrough investigation and research,two rounds of consultation were conducted on the importance and rationality of seven aspects of the initially constructed "behavioral and brain collaborative improvement" exercise intervention model for autism,and three aspects of"theoretical basis,intervention strategy and intervention evaluation" were revised and improved.After the second round of expert consultation,in terms of the concentration degree of expert opinions,the average number of all contents is above 4.0,and the full score frequency is above 0.5.In the coordination degree of expert opinions,the coefficient of variation of all contents is less than 0.5,and the coordination coefficient is 0.17.It shows that the content of the seven aspects constructed is of high importance in the "behavior and brain synergistic improvement" exercise intervention model of ASD,which has been recognized by experts.Ⅲ:Validation of "behavior and brain collaborative improvement" exercise intervention mode of ASDThrough the experimental research,the application value of the "behavior and brain collaborative improvement" exercise intervention mode of autism spectrum disorder was explored through the comprehensive use of physical measurement technology,psychometric technology and imaging technology.This is to verify the effect and influence of the "basketball+physical fitness" exercise intervention program designed under the guidance of this model on the improvement of autism behavior problems and brain development disorders.In this study,27 ASD children were enrolled in a 2(experimental group,control group)×(pretest,posttest)intergroup design.Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of exercise intervention on the core symptoms,executive function,physical health and gray matter of ASD children.The results are as follows:(1)Exercise intervention significantly improved the lower limb muscle strength of children with autism.Although exercise intervention had no significant effect on speed sensitivity,flexibility,balance coordination and upper body strength of children with autism,the experimental group showed a trend of improvement.(2)Exercise intervention significantly improved the performance of autistic children’s social disorders,social motivation and behavior patterns.Although exercise intervention had no significant effect on the dimensions of social perception,social cognition and social communication,the experimental group showed an improvement trend.Exercise intervention significantly improved repetitive stereotypical behavior and self-injury behavior of autistic children.Although exercise intervention had no significant effect on stereotypical behavior,obsessive behavior,ritual behavior,monotonous behavior and restrictive behavior,the experimental group showed an improvement trend.(4)Exercise intervention caused changes in the volume of gray matter in the brain of children with ASD,which was specifically manifested as the decrease of the volume of gray matter in the left fusiform gyrus and the increase of the volume of gray matter in the left talar cortex.To sum up,this study draws the following conclusions:(1)After preliminary theoretical research and two rounds of expert consultation,the author constructed an autism movement intervention model with the concept of" behavior and brain collaborative improvement",including "intervention objective,theoretical basis,intervention principle,intervention strategy,intervention content,organization form and intervention evaluation".This provides guidelines for action and an empirical framework for designing and implementing exercise intervention programmes for front-line hospital treatment staff and teaching staff in special schools.(2)The "basketball+physical fitness" exercise intervention scheme was designed according to the "behavior and brain collaborative improvement " exercise intervention model of autism.Experimental studies have shown that the program can significantly improve the core symptoms,executive dysfunction,physical health decline and gray matter volume development disorders in children with autism.This indicates that the "behavior and brain synergistic improvement" exercise intervention model of autism constructed in this study is feasible and effective.