Study On The Transaction Mechanism Of Sea Use Rights

Reasonable marine property rights institutional arrangements can inspire sea users to use marine resources more efficiently.The sea use rights(SUR)transaction mechanism is the core of the marine property rights system.Under the current background of the reform of the natural resource asset property rights system,studying the issue of the SUR transaction mechanism is of great significance for optimizing the marine property rights structure,improving the efficiency of marine resource allocation,and promoting the sustainable development of the marine economy.Guided by the framework of the multi-level SUR transaction mechanism,this article first clarifies the historical evolution of the use of China’s sea areas and found that since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the use of sea areas in China has gone from the stage of free sea use(1949-1993)to the exploration stage of paid sea use(1993-2001)and then to the development stage of paid sea use(2001 to present).The results of quantitative calculations based on the Super-MSBM and GML index show that the sea use efficiency of China presents three major characteristics: First,the sea use efficiency is generally at a medium efficiency level at this stage.Second,there are significant regional differences in sea uus efficiency,and the degree of polarization is strengthened.Third,the sea use efficiency has experienced a period of decline(2006-2008),a period of steady rise(2008-2013),and a period of rapid rise(2013-2018),showing a “checkmark” growth trend.Practice has proved that the implementation of the system of paid use of sea areas is closely related to the improvement of sea use efficiency.The paid sea use is an effective way of resource allocation and lays the foundation for the establishment of the SUR transaction mechanism.This article further proposes that under the constraints of the state ownership of sea areas and the system of paid use sea,the SUR transaction mechanism is a multi-level structure,and its efficient operation is the result of the joint participation of multiple governance entities of the government,market and society.The operation of the SUR transaction mechanism relies on government mechanisms and market mechanisms,and corresponds to the “one,two,three”level of the SUR transaction market according to the differences in transaction subjects and dominant mechanisms.Specifically:The primary transaction market for SUR is mainly to solve the allocation of SUR,which includes the initial allocation of SUR from the upper-level government(mainly the central government)to the local government,and the redistribution process of SUR from the government to sea-using enterprises(individuals).The operation of the primary transaction market is dominated by government mechanisms.The initial distribution of the SUR from the upper-level government to the local government is that the upper-level government is based on the basis of the marine economic development and marine ecological environment of the various regions under its jurisdiction,and takes into account the principles of efficiency and fairness.It follows the process of "building an indicator system-determining indicator weightsestimating the distribution ratio".This paper takes the initial allocation of aquaculture sea from the center to the local area as an example,comprehensively using entropy method,analytic hierarchy process and AR model to empirically test the feasibility of the above process.In addition,under the leadership of the government,the re-allocation process of SUR from the government to sea-using enterprises(individuals)also requires a series of non-market(such as administrative approval,agreement transfer,administrative allocation)and market-based methods(such as bidding,auction,and listing)to achieve the smooth flow of SUR.The secondary transaction market of SUR mainly solves the problem of the transaction of SUR between local governments.The operation of the secondary transaction market is dominated by a quasi-market mechanism with the transaction subject as the government.The conclusion of the transaction is the result of continuous game negotiation between the two parties.Through the construction of a game model of SUR transactions between local governments and analysis,it is found that under the premise that the transaction price and transaction volume of SUR are determined,it is a rational choice of local governments to achieve SUR transactions.To facilitate the conclusion of SUR transactions between local governments,it can be done by reducing the transaction cost in the transaction process,improving the sea use efficiency of the SUR demanding government,reducing the marine management cost of the SUR demanding government,and increasing the investment income of the SUR supplying government.The tertiary transaction market for SUR mainly solves the problem of SUR transactions between enterprises(individuals).The operation of the tertiary transaction market is dominated by market mechanisms.Through case analysis of a series of explorations and innovations carried out by Xiangshan County on the issue of SUR transactions between enterprises(individuals),it is found that sea use efficiency,transaction costs and transaction forms are the three key variables of SUR transaction between enterprises(individuals).Among them,improving the sea use efficiency is the motivation of the transaction,reducing the transaction cost is the core point of the transaction,and adopting multiple transaction forms is the realization path of the transaction.In addition,the supervision and performance evaluation of the operation of the SUR transaction mechanism needs to be completed by other social entities that are not directly involved in the SUR transaction,and this process is mainly dominated by social mechanisms.Based on the system dynamics method,this paper simulates the impact of the operation of the sea use right transaction mechanism on the development of the regional marine economy.The results show that compared with the non-implemented SUR transaction mechanism,the level of marine economic development under the implementation of the SUR transaction mechanism is higher.By 2025,the operation of the SUR transaction mechanism will contribute 6.11% to the development of the national marine economy.In addition,strengthening the SUR transaction mechanism is more conducive to the development of the regional marine economy,and when the scale of paid sea use expands and the SUR transaction costs reduces at the same time,the improvement of the level of marine economic development will be more obvious.On the contrary,weakening the SUR transaction mechanism is not conducive to the development of the regional marine economy,and when the scale of paid sea use shrinks and the transaction cost of SUR increases at the same time,the decline in the level of marine economic development will be more obvious.This article has three innovations.The first is to build a multi-level SUR transaction mechanism operating framework,including the primary transaction market that resolves the allocation of initial SUR from the central government to local governments and then to sea enterprises(individuals)under the guidance of government mechanisms,the secondary transaction market for the settlement of SUR transaction between local governments under the guidance of a quasi-market mechanism,the three-level transaction market for SUR transactions between sea-using enterprises(individuals)led by the market mechanism,and the evaluation and feedback of the operational performance of the SUR transaction mechanism led by social mechanisms.The second is to put forward a new idea for the institutional arrangement of marine property rights,that is,the transaction of SUR between local governments.Differences in the level of development of marine economy,sea area resource conditions,and sea area utilization efficiency between regions have led to the failure to fully realize the value of sea area resources,which has provided demand motivation for SUR transactions between local governments.The transaction of the SUR is a cooperative mode between local governments in the economic activities of the sea area.Under the organization and supervision of the higherlevel government,relying on the marine property rights transaction platform to realize the regional SUR transaction is the rational choice of the local government as the representative of regional interests.The third is to reveal the importance of marine property rights institutional arrangements for the efficient use of marine resources from a quantitative perspective.The joint operation of the multi-level SUR transaction mechanism will significantly promote the development of the regional marine economy.This positive impact is not only reflected in the existence of the transaction mechanism,but also the strength of the implementation of the transaction mechanism.The impact mechanism is to improve the allocation of marine resources through the adjustment of the property rights system,and realize that the allocation of marine resources is infinitely close to "Pareto Optimum".Based on the research conclusions,this article summarizes the policy enlightenment in the reform of the marine resource property rights system in the future,such as improving the level of market-oriented allocation of SUR,establishing a unified national SUR trading center,and piloting SUR transactions between local governments.In addition,this article also pointed out several issues that need to be in-depth,which are also the directions for future research.Such as marine resource confirmation and registration methods,SUR pricing mechanism and guarantee system.