Research On Grading Of Chinese Government Grain Reserves

Grain is an important strategic resource for human survival and development,and food security is an important foundation for social stability and economic development.Since 1978,China has made great achievements in grain production and food security,with a substantial increase in total grain output and per capita grain output,which has really solved solved the problem of eating for the Chinese people.With the continuous increase of population and the upgrading of people's consumption structure,China's demand for grain will continue to increase,but grain production will face unfavorable factors such as the shortage of cultivated land and water resources.China's grain supply and demand will be in a tight balance for a long time.China's food security situation is not optimistic.As a "reservoir" to undertake grain production and consumption,grain reserve has the important function of making up for apology with abundance and regulating the grain market,and is an important part of the food security system.Therefore,"reforming and perfecting the grain reserve management system and perfecting the grain reserve operation mechanism" is of great significance to "building a higher-level,higher-quality,more efficient and more sustainable food security system".It can be seen from the evolution of China's grain reserves that the government has been playing an important role in China's grain reserves..Before 1990,the government's grain reserve tasks were mainly undertaken by the central government.In September 1990,our country decided to establish a special grain reserve,and stipulated that the central and local governments should jointly undertake the special grain reserve task.The local grain reserve funds were mainly borne by the local finance,so the local governments' attitudes towards the grain reserve were quite negative,misappropriation of reserve funds and inconsistent accounting often occur,leading to the loss of confidence of the central government in the local food sector.In 2000,our country approved the establishment of China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company to perform the grain reserve function on behalf of the central government,which marked the formal establishment of the centrally managed grain reserve system in China.After the establishment of China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company,China not only did not explicitly stipulate that there were no places not to store grain,but also required the reserve scale of "three months' sales in producing areas and six months in sales areas".In fact,local government are more dependent on the central government in grain reserves.Many places have not reached the reserve scale of "three months in producing areas and six months in marketing areas",and the central government has almost completely undertaken the task of grain reserve in our country.The greatest advantage of the grain reserve directly administered by the central government is that the grain reserves have been put into practice,and the central authorities have grasped the grain and can ensure that the grain can be transferred at a critical time.In recent years,the central grain reserve has played a positive role in stabilizing the grain market,responding to various natural disasters and maintaining the income of grain producer.However,many problems have been exposed in the operation of China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company.China's grain reserve system needs to be further reformed and improved,and the key to the reform is to implement the grain reserve responsibility of local governments.This paper researched on grading of Chinese government grain Reserves,around "Why should the government reserve grain--what are the problems that the grain reserve is only borne by the central government? what are the factors that affect the grain reserve of the local government?-how to construct a graded grain reserve system with the joint responsibility of the central and local governments".In addition to the introduction,concept definition,theoretical basis and research status,the full text is mainly discussed from the following five aspects:First,it is divided into four periods to analyze the evolution of China's grain reserve system since 1949,mainly discussing the background,specific practices,main problems and effects of the implementation of the grain reserve system in each period.and the responsibilities of the central and local governments in grain reserves.In the two periods of free purchase and marketing of grain,the unified purchase and marketing of grain and the dual-track system of grain circulation,the central government mainly assumed the responsibility of grain reserve,and at the same time,the central government also actively encouraged the local government to store grain.During the period of market-oriented reform of grain circulation,the central government and the local government shared the responsibility for grain reserves.After the implementation of the grain reserve system under the vertical management of the central government,the grain reserve responsibility of our country is mainly borne by the central government.As many problems have been exposed in the operation of China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company,our country issued a document in 2014 to emphasize the effective implementation of the grain reserve responsibility of local governments.From the evolution of China's grain reserve system,it is not difficult to see that the government has been playing an important role in China's grain reserves.Secondly,it discusses that grain reserve is the public function of the government from two aspects that grain reserve has the attribute of public goods and non-profit.When the grain reserve plays the function of stabilizing the grain market,it has the attribute of public goods and non-profit,so the grain reserve is the public function of the government,and the government should assume the responsibility of grain reserve.Because the government is hierarchical,both the central government and local governments should bear the responsibility of grain reserves.The main body of grain reserves in China also includes farmers and enterprises engaged in grain production and management,but the reserves of farmers and enterprises do not have the function of calming the grain market,so farmers' reserves and enterprise reserves can not be used to replace government reserves.The government must assume the responsibility of grain reserves,because it's about social stability.Thirdly,the problems,causes and consequences of the grain reserve system under the direct management of the central government are analyzed.During the operation of China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company,several prominent problems were exposed.One was the problem of too many management levels,the other was the unreasonable layout of grain reserves,and the third was the problem of intertwining policy tasks and business tasks.The multi-level organizational structure of the “Head Office—Branch Company—Direct Subsidiary Bank”implemented by China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company has increased both the cost of incentives and supervision.China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company 's direct subsidiary bank is mainly distributed in the main grain production areas of China,and it is rarely distributed in the main grain sales areas and the production-sales balance area.When there is a crisis in the non main production areas which leads to the shortage of grain,the transportation of grain will cause great pressure on the transportation system of our country.China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company constantly uses the food resources in its hands to expand its business operations,interweaving policy tasks and business tasks,on the one hand,increasing the central government's incentive costs,and on the other hand,reducing China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company 's efforts on the grain reserve tasks.The grain reserve system under the direct management of the central government makes the central government undertake the grain reserve function which should be undertaken by the local government.However,the problems exposed in the operation of this grain reserve system have become more and more obvious.Therefore,the responsibility of local grain reserve should still be borne by the local government.China should establish a graded Grain Reserve System in which the central government and the local government share the responsibility.Fourthly,the implementation of the local government's grain reserve responsibility is the key to building a grain grading reserve system in China.Therefore,this paper also conducts an empirical analysis of the local government's grain reserve willingness and its influencing factors,so as to provide an empirical basis for the relevant policies of implementing the local government's grain reserve responsibility.Statistics show that the grain reserve expenditure of the local government accounts for only 29% of the national grain reserve expenditure,which proves that the grain reserve willingness of the local government is very low.Generally speaking,the scale of permanent population,the proportion of urban population and the grain output have significant positive effects on the local government's grain reserve willingness,while the traffic situation has significant negative effects on the local government's grain reserve willingness.The results of estimating the sample data of the main grain producing areas,the main marketing areas and the production and marketing balance areas show that,grain output has a significant positive impact on the grain reserve willingness of local governments in major grain producing areas,but the impact of resident population size is not significant.The size of resident population has a significant positive impact on the grain reserve willingness of local governments in the main marketing areas and production and marketing balance areas,but the impact of grain output is not significant.In addition,there is a spatial autocorrelation in the grain reserve willingness of local governments.if a region is willing to store more grain,its neighboring regions are also willing to store more grain,and vice versa.The public goods attribute and externality of government grain reserves may be an important reason for the spatial autocorrelation of local governments' willingness to grain reserves.Fifth,the basic ideas and corresponding policy suggestions for the construction of graded grain reserves.This paper puts forward the idea of constructing the graded grain reserve system in China from the aspects of reasonably dividing the grain reserve responsibility of the central and local governments,setting up the grain management business of the state-owned grain taking over,setting up the grain reserve fund and strengthening the supervision and inspection of the grain reserve.The corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the aspects of further improving the legal construction of grain reserve,improving the coordinated operation mechanism of grain reserve at all levels,strengthening the construction of grain reserve infrastructure,optimizing the variety structure of grain reserve,strengthening the scientific research input in the field of grain reserve,and raising funds for grain reserves through multiple channels.This paper may have some innovations in the following three aspects:First,it demonstrates that grain reserve is the public function of the government.Although many scholars have realized that the government should be responsible for grain reserves,they have not analyzed why the government should bear the responsibility for grain reserves.This paper discusses that the grain reserve has the attribute of public goods and non-profit when it plays the function of calming grain prices(see 4.3).It further discusses the reasons why farmers and enterprises can not replace the government grain reserve(see 4.4.2),thus demonstrates that the grain reserve is the public function of the government,so the government should bear the responsibility of grain reserve.Since the government is hierarchical,both central and local governments should bear the responsibility for grain reserves(see 4.3.2).Secondly,game theory and multi-task principal-agent theory are used to explain the consequences of too many management levels,policy tasks and operational tasks interwoven in China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company.Although some scholars have realized that there are too many management levels,policy tasks and operational tasks interwoven in China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company,but there is no in-depth analysis of the consequences of these two problems.This paper uses game theory to analyze the consequences of too many management levels of China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company which will lead to the increase of incentive cost and supervision cost(see 5.1.2).Using the multi-task principal-agent theory,this paper analyzes the consequences of the interweaving of policy tasks and operational tasks,which will lead to the increase of the incentive cost of the central government and the reduction of the efforts of China Grain Reserves Group LTD.Company on the grain reserve tasks(see 5.2.2).Third,a quantitative study of the local government's willingness to food reserves was conducted.Although some scholars have realized that local governments lack the willingness to reserve grain,they mainly focus on descriptive analysis and lack empirical research.In this paper,the willingness of local governments to reserve grain is measured by the fiscal expenditure of local government grain,oil and material reserve,and the willingness of local governments to reserve grain is quantitatively studied(see 6.1.1,6.1.2 and 6.1.3),and the spatial econometric model is used to analyze the factors that affect the willingness of local governments to reserve grain(see 6.3.4).