| Although China has made remarkable progress in poverty alleviation,it still faces an uphill task in achieving the goal of reducing poverty in an all-round way.As a gathering place for the poor,poverty alleviation actions in the contiguous poverty-stricken regions had become a great task for China‘s ambition to build a moderately prosperous society and realize the beautiful Chinese dream,because of the obvious geographical constraints and the complex relationship between man and land.As one of the important issues in poverty research,multidimensional poverty is extensiveness and dynamism.Quantitatively evaluating multidimensional poverty of different subjects,and exploring the formation mechanism of poverty are the basis for realizing multi-dimensional poverty reduction.It is also the key to achieve the coordinated development of poverty-stricken regions and individuals.It is also an important theoretical basis for the government to guide and implement policies scientifically according to the situation.A comprehensive framework of multidimensional poverty assessment was constructed based on human-environment-activities theory,taking Tsinling-Daba mountainous area as an example.At the county level,the poverty index system was constructed from the dimensions of human development,economy and environment.A multi-dimensional poverty index model was established to quantitatively measure poverty in seven counties of Shangluo City from 2001 to 2017.At the household level,the multi-dimensional poverty index system of households was constructed from the individual ability,capital and environment dimensions,and the multi-dimensional poverty index model of households was established to objectively measure the degree of multi-dimensional poverty.Using the contribution rate model,the main contributing factors of poverty formation was distinguished at county level.By regression analysis and grey correlation analysis,the internal and external factors of household poverty formation were revealed.The formation mechanism of poverty at different scales was explored.Multi-dimensional poverty alleviation path and countermeasures were puts forward in the view of government and households.(1)A comprehensive framework of human development,economy and environment multidimensional poverty assessment at the county level and ability,assets,environment multidimensional poverty assessment at the household level was constructed based on human-environment-activities theory.The comprehensive framework was used to explore the weakness or deprivation of human-environment-activities scale.(2)It showed a downward trend of poverty in human development,economic and environmental dimensions in seven districts and counties of Shangluo City from 2001 to 2017.Multidimensional poverty index shows a downward trend too.The distribution of poverty degree varied greatly,high multi-dimensional poverty areas were mainly distributed in Luonan,Zhashui and Zhenan counties,while low-level multi-dimensional poverty areas were mainly distributed in Danfeng,Shangnan and Shangzhou districts.Danfeng county and Shangnan county belonged to the restrictive type of human development,Shangzhou sistrict and Zhenan county belonged to the restrictive type of environment,Luonan county belonged to the restrictive type of human development and environment,Shanyang county and Zhashui county belonged to the restrictive type of economy and environment.According to the forecast,the multi-dimensional poverty in Shangnan county and Shangzhou district will be relatively low,while the multi-dimensional poverty in Zhenan County,Zhashui County and Luonan County will be relatively high from 2018 to 2025.(3)There were 54.43% multidimensional poverty households and 45.57% non-multidimensional poverty households.There were great differences between multidimensional and non-multidimensional poor households.At human perspective,the multidimensionals showed low level of education and vocational skills,as well as low level of family labor force and health.At activities perspective,the multidimensionals were deepenly deprived of financial capital and material capital,as well as the greater disadvantage in geographical location and infrastructure conditions.84.02% of the multidimensional poverty households overlapped with the designated poor households.That proved the validity of the identification results of document licensing.The multi-dimensional poverty identification method effectively complemented and corrected the omission of document licensing identification.According to the deprivated dimensions of households,21.01% of poor households were single-dimensional deprivation,48.52% were double-dimensional deprivation and 30.47% were multi-dimensional deprivation.38.46% of poor households were development deficiency type,25.74% were compound poverty type,5.33% were severe living conditions type and 30.47% were comprehensive poverty type.(4)On the county level,economic dimension poverty was the main contribution dimension of multi-dimensional poverty.The contributions of human development dimension poverty decreased gradually,while the contributions of environmental dimension poverty increased gradually.The weak foundation of Shangluo's economic development,backward development ability and slow adjustment of industrial structure had resulted in low level development of rural economy,low income level and living standard of farmers;bad natural environment had resulted in "linkage effect of geographical capital disadvantage";at the same time,imbalance of social security and environmental pollution aggravated rural poverty.On the household level,poor health,weak labor ability and lack of skills resulted in a vicious circle of "lack of educational skills-low level employment-individual investment restriction-poverty".The scarcity and exclusion of financial capital,the weakness of material capital and social capital had led to the extreme vulnerability of farmers to resist risks,which resulted in secondary poverty.The geographical disadvantage of environment and the impact of disasters aggravated the formation of poverty.External factors such as low social security coverage,poor employment ability and poor living environment,imperfect industrial structure and weak resource endowment aggravate the poverty formation of farmers in Shangluo City.Between county and household scales,the weakness or deprivation among human,environment and activities has led to poverty trap in mountainous areas,which made it difficult for households to cross the "poverty threshold".(5)The government should give prominence to the characteristic industries and optimize the industrial structure to promote the sustainable development of activities.Government should strengthen elementary education,vocational education and social security,as well as pay attention to the rural left-behind groups to ensure the development of human.Government should accelerate the construction of new towns,improve the policy of relocation,and strengthen the protection of the ecological environment to reduce the restriction of environment.Strengthen the optimization of precise poverty alleviation measures,innovate multiple organizations,promote the sustainable development of industry,mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers to participate,and strengthen the ability of grass-roots staff.Househlds should improve their own capacity and establish the subjective consciousness of poverty reduction to enhance the endogenous force of poverty reduction.By widening the social network,households should improve the stock of household capital.Meanwhile,households strengthen the awareness of disaster prevention for conneting with "precision agriculture". |
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