| Resources are the substantial basis for human existence and development. The process of industrial modernization is based upon the consumption of a huge amount of energy, during which the large quantities of pollutants and wastes have caused serious damage to the living environment of human beings. What's worse, the degree and speed of contamination has gone beyond the compensation and repair ability of the planet's ecosystem.The rapid economic growth in the past thirty years of reform and opening-up was obtained at the high cost of resources and environment. Huge demand for resources, excessive exploitation, consumption and waste not only caused degeneration and exhaustion of national resources, and also caused the increase of rarity of significant resources, all of which contributed to the fact that problem of resource constraint has become increasingly obvious; low resource use efficiency in China, serious waste and environment destroyed by numerous contaminants, which have caused direct damage to the survival and health of people, give a sharp contrast to the situation of resources shortage. If the government is not determined to make right decisions, it is bound to aggravate the risk of resource and environment and miss the development opportunity and the ideal goal to build a comprehensive well-off society will be difficult to achieve.Due to the extensive economic development mode adopted during a long period of time, resource constraints and environmental pollution has become a serious problem in the process of China's modernization. Although early in the1990s, China had released the China's Agenda21, which made clear requirements of making and implementing economic, technology and tax policies those are conducive to sustainable development, including considering resource and environment factors into the economic accounting system. However, as the traditional economic development mode of "GDP first" occupied a predominant position, the increasingly fragile environmental capacity has become the major factor that restricts China's economical and social development, and resources and environment risks are increasing.Both the report of the17th National Congress of CPC "resources and environment cost of economic growth is too expensive" and the upgraded caution of the report of the18th National Congress of CPC "resources and environment constraints deteriorate" demonstrate that to solve resources and environment constraints of our country in the modernization process is of great urgency. The construction of ecological civilization for the first time was brought to the paratactic position with the construction of economy, politics, culture and society in the report of18th National Congress of CPC, which has been regarded as a significant constituent part of the "Five-in-one" layout for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, which means the construction of China from economical, political, cultural, social and ecological aspects. It indicates that the transformation of modernization process of China is formally stepping into a new stage.The development of ecological civilization is a footstone of harmony between human beings and nature and healthy development of society, a significant symbol to measure whether the resource industry is operated in good order or not, as well as a precondition to construct a beautiful homeland with blue sky, green earth and limpid water for descendants. This is the most profound and comprehensive transformation of production mode and living styles ever in the human history. All countries and regions have regarded the development of ecological civilization as the most important concept of legislation without exception. Governmental supervision systems of natural sources, emergency response system of geological disasters and government regulatory system of natural resources in the world reflect the governing concept that governments of all nations attach great importance to the development of ecological civilization, and that they are all going through structural reform transition of ecologicalization of social economic development.So far, most of wars were caused by the fight for resources, and the control of the world's resources can best manifest the keen interest fight between countries. Therefore, resources are an important constituent part of strategic security of all countries. In spite of the unequal development among nations in the world, development is the mutual goal of human beings and the eternal theme of the society2. With the world economy stepping into a new round of development circle, consistency of the goal of global resource development is to realize the ecological development of social economy on the premise of resource and environment safety and sustainable development of social economy.The prevention and resolution of resources and environment risks should start with innovation of policies and systems, of which the financial policies in this paper is an essential constituent part.The study on the financial countermeasure to prevent and resolve resources and environment risks is started with this background.The paper is structures as follows:the resources and environment risks in China's economical and social development—analysis of the current situation of China's resources and environment—the root causes and factors of resources and environment problems—practices and financial measures from foreign countries to prevent and resolve resources and environment risks—financial countermeasures and suggestions to prevent and resolve resources and environment risks in China.This paper firstly defined and discussed some basic concepts related to the subject such as resources, environment and financial policies, etc, followed by a summary and comparison of theories such as development economics, institutional economics, and resources and environment economics, etc. Then, a description of the prevention and resolution of resources and environment risks abroad is given, which lays theoretical foundation for the whole paper. Next, detailed research and analysis on China's resource constraints from aspects land, water resource, mineral resource and energy etc is conducted, which will provide a quantitative analysis of the resource and environment costs and risks of China. Meanwhile, the paper will give an elaborate explanation of the root causes and factors of China's resources and environment risks.Building comprehensive assessment index system and model, conducting analysis by means of straight angel system and methods and selecting destruction to the environment by exploitation and use of rare earth on the basis of qualitative analysis of studying problems of resource constraint of China provide detailed basis of quantitative analysis for exploring and solving bottleneck problem of resource constraint in modernization process of China.Developed countries in Europe and America once also experienced problems of resources and environment risks, and they explored and implemented a lot of control and innovative measures, such as realizing the coordination between resource constraints and sustainable development in the process of economic development with technical innovation and government's financial measures. In order to open up the study field, the paper will conduct research and analysis about practices and financial measures to prevent and resolve resources and environment problems in some representative foreign countries, including a summary of policies and systems of foreign government to manage resources and environment, the deposit system to protect ecological environment in mineral area, and the study and analysis of management systems in foreign countries, so that the results will be valuable.Financial measures to resolve the resources and environment risks is the focus of this paper, which will discuss the current situation of China's resources and environment, analyze the root causes and factors from aspects of demand, utilization, distribution and management, and finally put forwards specific countermeasures and suggestions about the improvement of the macroscopic design of fiscal policy system, financial policies and systematic innovations based on main spirits of the report of the18th National Congress of CPC as well as the Third Plenary Session of the18th CPC Central Committee. |
PDF Full Text Request