Studies On Taxonomy,Comparative Morphology Of Female Genitalia And Phylogeny Of Cixiinae From China (Hemiptera:Fulgoroidea:Cixiidae)

The planthopper subfamily Cixiinae(Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha:Fulgoroidea:Cixiidae)consists of 2413 species in 215 genera in the world and 209 species in 28 genera in China.Species of Cixiinae are widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions of the world and many species of them are important pests in agriculture and forestry.However,the species of Cixiinae of China are numerous and it is greatly insufficient in phylogenic study.The present dissertation is a systematic study on the subfamily Cixiinae from China,including taxonomy,comparative morphology of female genitalia and phylogeny of Cixiinae.The main research contents and results are as follows:TaxonomyA systematic classification study of Cixiinae was carried out based on more than 4500 specimens from China.269 species and 1 subspecies of 28 genera and 1 subgenus of 8 tribes belonging to Cixiinae had been mentioned.The specimens belonged to 105 species of 16 genera and 1 subgenus of 6 tribes in Cixiinae.Among them,55 species were described as new to science,5 species were reported for the first time from China,1 species was treated as new combination and the male genitalia of 1 species were described for the first time.Keys to tribes,genera and species were provided respectively.The main morphological characteristic figures and genetalia descriptions were provided.The female genitalia of 65 species were described and illustrated in detail for the first time.The new taxa,new records to Chinese fauna,new combination and the first time described male in this study are listed as follows:New species(55):Andes annuliformis sp.nov.;A.asterineus sp.nov.;A.balteiformis sp.nov.;A.bifidus sp.nov.;A.brevianalus sp.nov.;A.columnarius sp.nov.;A.cuapidatus sp.nov.;A.cuneatus sp.nov.;A.curvus sp.nov.;A.ericeus sp.nov.;A.hamatus sp.nov.;A.lvchunensis sp.nov.;A.multidentatus sp.nov.;A.orbiculatus sp.nov.;A.scalpratus sp.nov.;A.tenuatus sp.nov.;Andixius adnatus sp.nov.;A.arcuatus sp.nov.;A.biceps sp.nov.;A.cultratus sp.nov.;A.gaoligongensis sp.nov.;A.lingulatus sp.nov.;A.quinarius sp.nov.;A.truncatus sp.nov.;A.uncinulatus sp.nov.;Parandes fuscus sp.nov.;Cixius acerbus sp.nov.;C.densus sp.nov.;Dilacreon(Eluzalmon)afflatus sp.nov.;D.(E.)apiculatus sp.nov.;D.(E.)arcuatus sp.nov.;D.(E.)atomatus sp.nov.;D.(E.)biprocessus sp.nov.;D.(E.)distentus sp.nov.;D.(E.)erectus sp.nov.;D.(E.)falcatus sp.nov.;D.(E.)furcatus sp.nov.;D.(E.)incurvus sp.nov.;D.(E.)transversus sp.nov.;Kirbyana flava sp.nov.;K.projecta sp.nov.;K.spinata sp.nov.;Myndus sinuolatus sp.nov.;Betacixius daozhenensis sp.nov.;B.homomorphus sp.nov.;B.latissimus sp.nov.;B.maguanensis sp.nov.;Kuvera campylotropa sp.nov.;K.decurrena sp.nov.;K.elongata sp.nov.;K.weiningensis sp.nov.;Indolipa longlingensis sp.nov.;Oecleopsis panxianensis sp.nov.;Pentastiridius lanpingensis sp.nov.;Reptalus inaequalis sp.nov.New records species from China(5):Parandes hemina(Fennah,1978)rec.nov.;Dilacreon(Eluzalmon)pentagonus Fennah,1980 rec.nov.;Kuvera hallasanensis Rahman,Kwon&Suh,2017 rec.nov.;Pentastiridius kaszabianus(Dlabola,1970)rec.nov.;Reptalus(Proreptalus)arcbogdulus(Dlabola,1965)rec.nov.New combination(1):Parandes hemina(Fennah,1978),comb.nov.(from Andes Stal,1866)The male for first description(1):Betacixius nigromarginalis Fennah,1956Comparative morphology of female genitaliaThe female genitalia characters of 65 species among 16 genera in 6 tribes of Cixiinae were compared,demonstrating the female genitalia characters were of important values in the taxonomic application.Keys to species based on female genitalia were provided for the first time.To some extent,it provided a reliable criterion for identification of female adults.1.Comparative morphological studies on interspecific level.Comparative data of interspecific variation of female genitalia within 12 genera were analyzed.The results indicated that the female genitalia were in great morphological diversity,especially the posterior vagina,which can be used as effective classification character.The characteristics of gonapophysis IX,pygofer and anal tube can be used as reference features for species identification.The differences between Sternite VII,gonapophysis VIII and gonoplac,however are barely significant,therefore are not suitable for the identification of interspecific species.2.Comparative morphological studies on intergeneric level.Comparative data of intergeneric variation of female genitalia among 16 genera in Cixiinae from China were analyzed.The results indicated that the intergeneric changes of female genitalia are effective characters on genus level or as noncritical features,which have important classification significance.The characters are the anterior and posterior margins of Sternite ?;the shape and length-width ratio of anal segment and the extent of ? segment covering anal style;length-width ratio of pygofer,the number and shape of wax plate;the shape and curvature of gonapophysis ?,presence or absence of micro-sculpture and its ratio to the length of gonapophysis ?;degree of cleft,characteristics of denticulate portion,number of middle tooth and shape of gonapophysis ?;the widest position of gonoplac;the length-width ratio,the number of sclerites and the direction of posterior vagina.Phylogeny of CixiinaeThe phylogeny of Cixiinae,including 28 species of 16 genera in 6 tribes from China,was studied using PAUP*4.0b10,based on 56 morphological characters and with Nilaparvata bakeri(Muir,1917)(Fulgoroidea:Delphacidae)as outgroup.The results are as follows:1.The phylogenetic relationship of Cixiinae from China was(Oecleini+((Andini+Eucarpiini)+(Cixiini+(Semonini+Pentastirini))).2.Oecleini,at the base of the phylogenetic tree,is relatively more ancestral in Cixiinae.3.The monophyletic lineages of Andini,Eucarpiini,Pentastirini and Semonini are recovered respectively in this study.4.An initial recommendation was proposed that the genus Tsauria the should be regarded as a tribe.5.Phylogenetic analyses do not support that Cixiini is monophyletic.6.Betacixius+Kuvera,Andixius+Andes are consistently recovered as sibling taxa.The studied specimens including the types were deposited in the Institute of Entomology of Guizhou University.