DESIGN OF NETWORKS WITH MULTIPLE OAS AND OTAS USING BETA MATRICES (ACTIVE FILTERS, STABILITY, SENSITIVITY, GENERATION, OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS)

Operational Amplifiers (OAs) and Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTAs) are basic building blocks widely used in the design of active networks. Because of their nonideal parameters, especially the frequency dependent open-loop gain, the design of networks containing these devices has been cumbersome.; A method is presented which separates these frequency dependent building blocks from the rest of the network. The latter is treated as a complex feedback network. This feedback network is described by a matrix called the beta matrix whose diagonal entries represent the self feedback of each block, while the off-diagonal entries represent the loading effects between the blocks.; Using this concept of feedback, the derivation of the transfer function, stability, and sensitivity analyses of such networks are introduced. Also, some design considerations are presented.; From a network containing multiple OAs a set of networks can be generated, all of which have identical ideal gain expressions. This idea is called the "OA Relocation". Using the beta matrix method, it is possible to select the networks with better performance. Practical examples are given to demonstrate the beta matrix method and its use as a design tool.