AMERICAN INFLUENCE IN SHAPING PHILIPPINE SECONDARY EDUCATION: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1898-1978

This study concerned itself with the examination of American influence in shaping Philippine secondary education from 1898 to 1978. It was designed to identify how American school structures and curricula were transplanted to the Philippine school system. A careful examination of the development of secondary education under the American rule and the reorganization of secondary education under the Philippine Republic was undertaken.;Chapter VI presented a retrospect and prospect of the Philippine educational system of the Republic. In retrospect, the Spaniards founded missionary schools for their children, and secondary schools and universities for their youth. The first secondary school was established by the Jesuits in 1585, in Manila. The Dominicans were the next religious order to establish secondary school. This was the College of Santo Tomas, which was later called the University of Santo Tomas. In 1898 the Philippines was occupied by the American military government. The Americans established schools all over the country and opened these schools to all people, rich and poor alike, to the old as well as to the young. The founding of schools was a potent factor in the pacification of the Filipino people. The concept of free public education and educational opportunity for all Filipinos achieved the basic goal of democratization. The prospect of secondary education of the Philippines in the 80's stresses educational relevance and integration: emphasis on eliciting behavior that reflects development-oriented values, especially achievements orientation, self-reliance, self-discipline, community spirit, industry, and national consciousness.;Chapter I of this dissertation presented an overview of the nature and scope of the Philippine school system, historical perspective, structure and functions of the Department of Education, and education and economic development of the country. A presentation of the historical background which provided a framework in examining the Philippine education system was focused on in Chapter II. An analysis of the Philippine education under the Spanish regime was presented in the first part of Chapter III and the second part presented education under the American rule. The development of secondary schools in the Philippines under the Americans was discussed in Chapter IV. American influence on shaping the Philippine secondary education was reflected in the aims, curriculum organization, method of instruction, evaluation, instructional materials and textbooks, teacher training, administration and supervision, and funding of schools. The organization of public secondary education was a part of the plan of the new government to endow the Philippines with a complete system of public schools from grade one to the high school. The development of the Philippine secondary schools under the Republic from 1946 to 1978 was presented in Chapter V. The main concern was to develop a more Philippine character in the secondary schools. It included the reorganization of the secondary educational system, aims, curriculum text materials and textbooks, teacher training, administration and supervision, financing schools, new approaches to secondary education, and what still remains of American influence.