| The existence of rural poverty in China is diverse.The change of national poverty alleviation development policy from regional development strategy to precise poverty alleviation strategy is the main manifestation of adapting to the diversity of poverty.At the present stage,poverty presents a new feature and form of transition from short-term to sustained,which has become the main focus of the implementation of the precise poverty eradication strategy.Although China is not a country with persistent poverty,the problem of persistent poverty in rural areas has existed for a long time.With the implementation and deepening of the precise poverty alleviation strategy,more and more attention has been paid to the livelihood capacity of poor families,and the size of livelihood capacity stock plays a key role in the governance of persistent poverty.On the one hand,the central government has clearly put forward the anti-poverty policy goal of "eliminating poverty in all rural areas by 2020",and has formulated a specific poverty alleviation plan for 70 million poor people.Except for over 20 million(disabled people)the poorest people rely on the social security system,the remaining 50 million poor people either through relocation,transfer of employment or through the development of production to achieve poverty alleviation,that is,mainly rely on the cultivation of the livelihood ability of poor families to achieve endogenous development to get rid of poverty and become rich.On the other hand,the existing forms and deductive changes of poverty show new characteristics of vulnerability,sustainability and dynamics(short-term poverty to long-term poverty).When poor families have abundant Endowments for their livelihood ability,they can get more external resources to get rid of poverty and become rich,and vice versa.Therefore,how to effectively use farmers' livelihood ability to alleviate their persistent poverty has become the focus of precise poverty alleviation research at this stage.Based on the perspective of farmers' livelihood ability,guided by Amartyasen's feasible ability theory,poverty trap theory,dynamic poverty theory and sustainable livelihood framework,this paper systematically reviews the relevant research results of poverty theory at home and abroad,and makes use of 796 field survey data and data of farmers in poverty-stricken counties of Shaanxi Province in Qinba Mountainous Area,to study the farmers' livelihood of different poverty-stricken types in sample areas.On the basis of in-depth analysis of the existing situation and the characteristics of poverty of peasant households,a reasonable index system of livelihood ability is constructed and measured.The critical effect,livelihood mode selection effect and participation exclusion effect of livelihood ability and sustained poverty are deeply analyzed by using various econometric models and methods.Based on the analysis of the influencing factors of poverty alleviation of different types of peasant households,the following conclusions are drawn: The internal and external perspectives analyze the path of poverty alleviation of the rural households with persistent poverty,and put forward policy suggestions to tackle the problem,so as to provide new ideas for effective governance of rural persistent poverty,promoting the process of precise poverty alleviation and achieving the goal of poverty alleviation for the rural poor in 2020.The conclusions of this study are as follows:(1)Investigate the status quo,poverty characteristics and governance performance of rural households in the region.Firstly,it combs the historical context of the development of poverty alleviation mechanism in China,the current situation of rural poverty and the causes of poverty.Secondly,it explains the basic situation of sample farmers in the survey area.Through descriptive analysis,it makes an analysis of the status quo of persistent poor farmers,short-term poor farmers and non-poor farmers in southern Shaanxi of Qinba Mountains,and summarizes the current performance of poverty control.The results show that the number of houses owned by the persistent poor households is the lowest,and 51.9% of the persistent poor households live in brick and tile houses;62.6% of the persistent poor households think their own rations are adequate;the average education level of the persistent poor households is 5.76 years,which is lower than that of the non-poor households in 1.08;the total wage income of the persistent poor households is the lowest,and the total transfer income of the short-term poor households is the highest;The total expenditure on food,daily necessities,education,transportation,communication and personal gifts per capita is significantly lower than that of non-poor households;the proportion of persistent poor households who think their health is "very unhealthy" and "unhealthy" is 26.5% and 25.5% respectively;the "poverty caused by illness","poverty caused by learning" and "poverty caused by marriage" are still the important factors causing poverty at this stage.At present,people's livelihood,health care,education,industry poverty alleviation,relocation,social assistance and public services have achieved good results in anti-poverty.(2)Characterization,measurement and characteristics of farmers' livelihood ability.Through studying the data of peasant households' livelihood ability,this paper defines the connotation,extension and characterization elements of peasant households' livelihood ability,divides the composition of peasant households' livelihood ability according to the connotation of peasant households' livelihood ability,and establishes an index system of peasant households' livelihood ability,uses coefficient of variation method to measure peasant households' livelihood ability,and And the differences of each dimension.The results show that: livelihood ability refers to the basic ability of farmers to obtain and make full use of social capital,human capital,material capital and financial capital to meet their own survival needs by using their own knowledge or material basis,and the construction and cultivation of capacity factors can promote and restore the survival ability of the persistent poor groups quickly.According to the connotation of livelihood ability,it can be used as a tool to improve and restore the survival ability deprived by the persistent poor groups.The farmers' livelihood ability is divided into five dimensions: social capital,human capital,material capital,financial capital and natural capital.By calculating the composition of livelihood ability of persistent poor households,short-term poor households and non-poor households,it is found that the social capital,financial capital and material capital of persistent poor households are lower than those of short-term poor households and non-poor households.(3)The critical effect of livelihood capacity on the generation mechanism of farmers' persistent poverty.Firstly,the theoretical framework of the critical effect of livelihood capacity on sustained poverty is constructed,and then the threshold regression model is used to estimate the duration of farmers' sustained poverty.study(4)The second mechanism of the generation of sustained poverty of peasant households is the exclusive effect of participation.Firstly,the theoretical framework system of the participation exclusion of livelihoods to farmers' persistent poverty is constructed;secondly,the index system of participation exclusion is constructed from four aspects: economic exclusion,right exclusion,relationship exclusion and concept exclusion,and the participation exclusion is measured by factor analysis method.On this basis,the linear regression model and Ologit regression model are used to analyze the social participation exclusion to farmers.Empirical analysis of the impact of household persistent poverty,further use propensity score matching estimation to measure the average treatment effect of participation exclusion on household persistent poverty,and use endogenous transformation to analyze its robustness.Thirdly,from the perspective of income distribution and social status differentiation,the mechanism of participation exclusion on the deterioration of the impact of persistent poverty of rural households is analyzed.Finally,empirical analysis of various dimensions of livelihood capacity endowment is the key factor to alleviate the participation exclusion effect of persistent poverty of rural households.Finally,it is concluded that participation exclusion has a positive and significant impact on farmers' persistent poverty.Income distribution expansion and social status differentiation can aggravate the negative impact of participation exclusion on farmers' persistent poverty.As an internal risk-taking mechanism,livelihood ability alleviates the aggravation of social participation exclusion on on farmers' persistent poverty.(5)The effect of livelihood capacity on the generation mechanism of farmers' persistent poverty: the effect of livelihood choice.Firstly,the theoretical framework of the effect of livelihood capacity on farmers' sustainable poverty is constructed;secondly,based on the analysis of four types of characteristics of pure agricultural,diversified,non-agricultural and relief farmers,Ols regression model and Ologit regression model are used to analyze the impact of pure agricultural,diversified,non-agricultural and relief types on farmers' sustainable poverty,and tendencies are used to obtain the impact of pure agricultural,diversified,non-agricultural and relief types on farmers' sustainable poverty.The above results were compared and analyzed by sub-matching.Finally,the impact of farmers' livelihood capacity on sustainable poverty was analyzed by using multiple logit model under different livelihood strategies.The results show that the choice of pure farming livelihood is not significant for the duration of persistent poverty,diversified livelihoods may prolong the duration of persistent poverty,non-agricultural and government-assisted types reduce the duration of persistent poverty significantly,different models measure the impact of different livelihood choices on persistent poverty is inconsistent;human capital,financial capital and social capital on pure agriculture and social capital on persistent poverty.The dynamic change of poverty sustainability of government-assisted farmers has a significant impact;non-agricultural farmers with more material capital stock have a strange positive impact on the short-term poverty experienced in one year.Natural capital is conducive to reducing the short-term poverty experienced by non-agricultural farmers in two to three years and the persistent poverty experienced in five years.(6)Analysis of the influencing factors and the ways of poverty alleviation for different types of peasant households.Firstly,the paper empirically analyses the total index of livelihood ability and the influencing factors of various poverty-stricken types of peasant households in order to find out the factors of poverty alleviation based on livelihood ability.Secondly,on the basis of constructing the theoretical framework system of the level of effort and the impact of government assistance on peasant households' poverty alleviation,it chooses appropriate indicators to measure the level of effort and government assistance,and explores the level of On the basis of the help-related relationship,this paper empirically analyses the impact of the two paths on farmers' poverty alleviation.The results show that the total index of livelihood ability,material capital and human capital have positive effects on sustainability and short-term poverty eradication probability of farmers,while social capital and financial capital have negative effects on poverty eradication probability of farmers.Promoting individual effort level can significantly improve the poverty level of absolute and relative farmers;further research found that there is an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between general government assistance and individual effort level,while incentive government assistance can significantly improve individual effort level. |
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