| Industrial clustering is a long-standing practice existed since the beginning of human economic activities.It represents unbalanced spatial distribution of economic activities;and is the outcome of market self-organizing mechanisms,such as economic connection and knowledge linkage,plus factors of institutional environment like the acts of governments and policies.As one of the drivers for economic growth and regional disparity,industrial clustering has long been a focus for governments,academic circl es and the business world.It is more than just assembling entities of a single industry.As market integration and social division of labor goes deeper,it is more manifested in the physical co-agglomeration of related industries and vertical connections in the value chains.Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,the Beijing-Hebei-Tianjin coordinated development has been prioritized as one of the three key national strategies since the 18th CPC National Congress.On the one hand,a spatial structure featuring“producer services mainly clustered in the central city of Beijing and manufacturing industries mainly distributed at the peripheral cities”has been formed and constantly reinforced in the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province.On the other hand,the region's industrial imbalance has become salient,and disparity within the region continues to grow,which proves that industrial synergy of the Beijing-Hebei-Tianjin Region is not quite realized,and that the industrial specialization and layout needs to be further improved.This paper studies the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province;and explores in industrial,spatial and institutional dimensions the intra-logic behind the region's co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries as well as its impact on development disparity of cities within the region.It can be of great theoretical and practical significance to expanding the study on industrial clustering,making better conceived industrial layout and better choices for business locations,and promoting regional coordinated development.In classical economic theory,industrial distribution is believed to be the result of resource endowment disparity.It's the primary deciding factor.Marshall brought up the theory of externalities to explain industrial clustering from the perspective of external economy of scale.New economic geography represented by Krugman brought increasing returns to scale,imperfect competition and transportation cost into the framework of general equilibrium analysis,built the“center-periphery”model,and explained that economic growth is more than the result of natural endowment,but also relies on pecuniary externalities generated by pre-existing economic growth.That's the secondary deciding factor.Theoretical studies on single-industry clustering and co-agglomeration of correlative industries are basically expanding and evolving by following the thinking of externalities and the“center-periphery”model.Currently,studies on the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries have not yet matured into a systematic theoretical model.This paper intends to build a theoretical analysis framewor k from the three dimensions of industry,space,and institution;and analyzes conditions for these two major industrial sectors to form co-agglomeration plus the impact of industrial co-agglomeration on regional disparity.The paper has adopted the vertical linkage model of Venables?1996?as the basis for theoretical analysis and introduced the producer services sector,to explain via deductions the intra-logic behind the co-agglomeration of the two major industrial sectors from the perspective of industrial and spatial interactions.At the same time,the paper has referred to the theoretical analysis of Zhang Ruoxue?2009?to explain via models the logic behind the two major industrial sectors forming spatial co-agglomeration in the economic circle's central city and peripheral cities.In terms of empirical study,this paper starts by measuring the degrees of industrial correlation and spatial clustering between each two paired producer service industry and manufacturing industry of the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province;describes it via a four-quadrant diagram,to reveal features of the region's industrial co-agglomeration;and then based on theoretical analysis framework and relevant data of the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province 2005-2014,gathers the business cost data of the region,and uses system GMM technique to conduct quantitative study on the logic behind the co-agglomeration of the two major industrial sectors and its impact on regional disparity.Major conclusions of this paper's study are as follows:1.Producer services and manufacturing industries interact with one another,and cost linkage and demand linkage can make the two coordinate with one another in spatial positioning.2.In the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province,Beijing as the central city has already formed a service-dominated economic structure,and is mainly fulfilling the functions of R&D and management,taking up the higher end of the division of industry chain;while clusters of the peripheral cities are mainly manufacturing entities.The“center-periphery”spatial layout has reflected the coordinated spatial positioning of the two major sectors,and the situation is constantly reinforced.In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,producer services clustered in the central city of Beijing mainly rely on externalities like knowledge spillover and the sharing of labor pool to realize the spatial clustering with the manufacturing sector.3.Industrial correlation fails to play a prominent role in the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries of the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province;which shows that the region has clear industrial imbalance or“industrial cliff”.Business cost and the degrees of co-agglomeration are correlated in an upside-down U shape.The overall business level of the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province has exceeded the equilibrium value?optimal point?,and is still rising gradually,which is not conducive to the region's co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries.4.The division of functions in the city agglomeration reflects the“center-periphery”spatial layout formed between producer services and manufacturing industries.The division of functions in the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province and the degrees of city disparity are correlated in an upside-down U shape,which proves that industrial division of labor and cooperation in the region remains at a relatively low level with disconnections in the region's industrial development chain,and it is one of the main causes for the expanding development gap in the region.5.Local government interventions are restricting both the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries and the narrowing of regional disparity;and are as a result not conducive to the narrowing of regional gap.This paper is uniquely innovative in that,it chooses not to follow the routine of merely studying the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries from the industry perspective or the static viewpoint;but rather,it has brought in the new economic geography theories and studied in a dynamic manner,from multiple dimensi ons,the logic of producer services and manufacturing industries forming co-agglomeration and its impact on regional disparity.Based on the rules for industrial development and evolvement,as well as the features of China's regional cooperation by division of labor at the current stage,this paper has extended the study unit of geographic space from the usual single city or province?state?to a city agglomeration.By focusing on the city agglomeration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei Province,the paper better reveals the features and rules for the capital circle's industrial co-agglomeration.It examines development disparity within the region from the perspective of industrial co-agglomeration and provides a new approach to the study of regional disparity. |
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