Research On The Economic History Of Xiangxiong To Tubo

The Tibetans are an important member of the Chinese nation.Their economic history can not be separated from Chinese economic history.Their economy historical evolution has great influence on the shaping of the Tibetan,the trend of the economic history of the Central Plains,the formation of the unity of Northwest Minorities,and the formation of the southwestern territory of China.Therefore,the Tibetan economic history is an important part of Tibetan history,China's economy and China's ethnic minorities' economic history.In this paper,the economic changes of the Tibetan economy during the period from Xiangxiong to Tubo Period were studied.As the beginning of the Tibetan economic history,it has a long time span,a wide range of space and few ancient books,so it is difficult to grasp especially before the establishment of the Tubo Dynasty.The selection of research methods and the use of materials such as archaeology,mythology and legends become the key to solving these difficulties.The method of system abstraction will be used in this paper.It was not completed until the period of the Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties that the Tibetans were integrated into the Chinese nation,so in the Tubo Dynasty and its former,the main body of the Tibetan economic history can only be the Tibetan ancestors living in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and engaging in production,the division of historical stages can only take their social economic system and their human category development as standards.Based on this,this article divides the Tibetan economic history before the disintegration of the Tubo in Tang Dynasty into three periods:the Primitive society(about 30 thousand years ago to 10th Century B.C.),Xiang Dynasty(about 10th Century B.C.to 7th Century A.D.)and Tubo Dynasty(early 7th Century to 842 years).The Tibetan ancestors went through the experience of primitive commune economy with the acquisition of hunting as the main mode of production,slavery economy with nomadic economy as the main mode of production,feudal serf economy with the settlement of agriculture as the main mode of production in turn.The full text consists of 3 parts.The main content of part one is the clan commune economy of the primitive society.Before that,the ethnic name,ethnic origin and ethnic stream of the Tibetans are combed firstly,it is pointed out that the name of "Zang Zu" condenses the region,the mode of production,the history and the ethnic relations.In contrast,the Tibet and Tibetan,which are still used in modern English,are the lack of a sense of history.On the basis of pointing out the limitations of the national source tracing law,this article traces the beginning of the Tibetan economic history to the ancient period of human activity in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.Depending on the Paleolithic age,the archaeological data of the fine stone age,and the Tibetan mythology and legends,the economic law of changing from collecting economy,collecting hunting economy to farming nomadic economy is systematically combed.The remaining products in the later period of the clan society prepared economic conditions for the coming of class society,then the struggle and union between various clans gave birth to the rudiments of the tribe.The main content of part two is the tribal slavery economy of the Tibetan ancestors,among these tribes,Xiangxiong Kingdom is the most representative one.The tribes that spread the plateaus were headed by Xiang Xiong forming an order similar to the Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains.The traditional Tibetan historical records this stage as "age of small states",the time was roughly equivalent to Shang Dynasty to early Tang dynasty.Benefited from animal husbandry production firstly and developing a highly prosperous commercial economy,the XiangXiong kingdom once became a Tibetan regime including all nations.The archaeological materials of the early metal age became an important symbol of productive forces in the age of the male slavery.From then,the social form of Tibetan ancestors turned from primitive commune system to slavery and produced a tribal power beyond the clan society.Although the Xiang Xiong kingdom is the formly leader,various tribes have strong independence,they are constantly struggling and annexed.In the process of annexation,the tribes gradually turned to a feudal alliance.The main contents of part three are the feudal lord system economy,its source and disintegration of the Tubo tribal alliance.First of all,combing the process of the economic evolution of the Yalong tribe,the founder of the Tubo Dynasty.As a result of the agricultural revolution,the superiority of settled agriculture is highlighted,and Clan Xibuye originated in the Yalong Valley eventually established Tubo Dynasty characterized by feudal serfdom in place of Xiangxiong.Then systematicly combing the Tubo's economic history in the Tang Dynasty.This paper argues that,through the establishment of officials and infeudation,Tubo Dynasty realized the transition from the tribal slavery to a new system:in form it is a bureaucratic system,while in terms of content it is a feudal system.This article not only combs the productivity and production mode in the Tubo Dynasty,but also analyzes the economic contacts between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo,and the Tubo Road on the silk road.This paper demonstrates that the stability and opening of the Central Plain and the prosperity of the Silk Road are the preconditions for Tubo's strong prosperity.Thus,it provides a historical enlightenment for the development of today's Tibetan economy.Lastly discussing Tubo society by the method of contradiction analysis,takes the condition between finiteness of feoff and slave households and the hereditary of the identity of the feudal aristocracy as the main line.The existence of this contradiction,not only did the conspiracy and infighting become a theme of the political life of Tubo,but also promoted the expansion of Tubo territory.The outward expansion of Tubo has not only affected the frontier of Southwest China,but also has an influence on the evolution of Chinese ancient history.The foreign expansion of Tubo also brought about the contradiction between the royal family and the noblemen.Buddhis' fight with Bon is the ideological reaction of this contradiction.In the course of this struggle,the monks class rose up,which made the contradiction of the Tubo Dynasty was concentrated on three main bodies:the royal family,the monk class and the secular aristocracy.On this basis,this paper demonstrates the following points:behavior which respect Buddhist inhibit Bon,rather than cause of Tubo's disintegration,but is to prolong the life of the Tubo Dynasty.However,the nature of the Tubo feudal alliance has not changed,and the contradiction between the royal family and the Lord has not been resolved,the tribal alliance is eventually disintegrated.