Turkish Economic History Research

Tuyuhun is the ancestor of Tu Nationality. Tuyuhun's economy is indispensable to research economic history of Tu Nationality. As a member of Xianbei MuRong tribe, Tuyuhun who migrated westward to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau formed economic system with special characteristics:advanced productive technology, multi-species breeding especially top horse breeding and animal husbandry with intense commercial characteristic. Unique taxation system without regular tax adapted to nomadic business. After undertaking the great westward migration, Tuyuhun subsequently started to control Qing Hai Road and He Nan Road. It transferred traditional nomadic economy into animal husbandry with commercial characteristic. It had good interrelations between international trades and took advantage of geographical and cultural background to be a transferable station. As a result, the commercial exchange produced prosperous economic development for Tuyuhun society and broght cities and transportation network.However, commercial activity was a deadly reason to let Tuyuhun's economy down. When Beiwei Dynasty disrupted, trade roads of East-West Hexi Corridor were controlled by Xiwei Dynasty and Beizhou Dynasty. This disrupted routes from Tuyuhun Kingdom to Nan Dynasty. It leaded Tuyuhun's economy into formidable difficult. The wars among Tang,Tubo and Tuyuhun also destroyed prosperty of Tuyuhun's economy. With the downfall of Tuyuhun Kingdom, the mode of production had been changed enormously. As a result, Tuyuhun people were divided into two groups. One groups migrated eastward into prefectures that were governed by the central dynasty. Some of Tuyuhun people lived dispersedly in broader northern areas. The animal husbandry with commercial characteristic was destroyed. And the group was influenced by Confucianism. And the new economic conditions caused new type of economy settled cultivating and grazing. It became the economic basis of eastward migrated Tuyuhun people. The other group remained in Qinghai or moved to surroundings. As main body economy, animal husbandry was kept continuously but influenced by unstable trade roads. This group was influenced by Tubo in economic and cultural aspects. Together with Tubo people, this group of Tuyuhun people carried out trades with the central dynasty including market trade, tributary-largess trade and non-government trade.In the dynasties of Yuan, Ming and Qing, instruments of production and technology of eastward migrated Tuyuhun gained as high level as central Han people. Because of continuing population migration from central China to He-Huang-Tao-Min districts in Gansu and Qinghai since Han Dynasty, different scales cultivation development was extremely urgent. In the same time, cultivation development of Tu people and their neighbours was up to a climax. Fanning needs for irrigating, and water conservancy appropriately developed. However, but it is clear that it is couldn't be compared with hydraulic engineering in modern society.The Chieftain System was established in Yuan Dynasty and was developed rapidly in Ming Dynasty. It influenced on land ownership and tenancy relationship. Therefore, chieftains, temples of Lamaism and native officers took possession of large land. Tu people who had no land attached themselves to chieftains, temples and native officers to survive.In Ming Dynasty, the development of tributary-largess trade and non-government trade was up and down in the wake of supple-demand relationship. Following decline in tea-horse trade and tributary-largess trade day by day, a large number of Han people who migrated to He-Huang district from central China played a role of peasants in rural areas or businessmen in towns. Thus, non-government trade that took temples of Lamaism trade and village fair as main form expanded rapidly.At the end of Qing Dynasty, capitalism economy forces had an influence on central China. The remote He-Huang district where Tu people lived together was lack of transport facilities, traditional self-supporting and insufficient rural economy capitalism economy forces was not affected for a long time. Although the Chieftain System was broken down, the relationship between common peasants and land was still strained. Secular landlords occupied a major portion of fertile soil and rich lands. In Minguo period, the whole country was torn by warlordism. He-Huang district was ruled by Ma-warlord at one time. Tu peasants with having very little or none at all were forced to set apart from agricultural production. They were engaged in panning for gold, digging coal, brewing alcohol. Most of Tu peasants had to put up with weighty military service and various sorts of exorbitant tax payments and miscellaneous levies exerted by Ma-warlord.After P.R.C. was founded, the size of the Tu Nationality population is growing up gradually. Five Tu Nationality concentration regions have formed. Unreasonable land ownership and old relations of production in vast rural areas restrained presants'production and daily life. Therefore, Tu Nationality vigorously launched out reduction of rent and interest rates and the struggle against hegemony. As the main body of Land Reform, peasants were mobilized. Eventually, Land Reform carried out natually. The ownership of land was not redistributed after the reform. The production condition of dispersed, backward and individual small peasant economy had not been changed. In order to meet the needs of socialist industrialization and improve rapidly the living standards of farmers, agricultural cooperation movement could be said to exist. According to the order of evolution of economic contradictions, the development of agricultural cooperation movement could be divided into four phases:preparation, development, strengthenment, and improvement and five means:interdependent teams,variable teams, temporary mutual-aid teams, perpetual mutual-aid teams, primary co-operation, and senior co-operation. After cooperation movement, collectivization movement began to develop. But big reform didn't mean a total change. Special agricultural activities based on traditional agriculture made rapid progress since collectivization movement.