Study Of Manuscripts In Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was a glorious period in the history of Chinese publishing,but the activity of copying books still flourished.The manuscripts produced in the Ming Dynasty accumulated over time and were called Ming manuscripts in the version research.The academic research on Ming manuscripts is mainly divided into version and bibliography research,publishing history research,collection history research and manuscripts case research.This article is a systematic study of Ming manuscripts as a whole.The Chapter One explores the bibliographic features of the Ming manuscript as a whole,mainly from four aspects:the first is the layout features of the Ming manuscript,including the line format,version center,paper type,etc.The second is from the font style of the Ming manuscripts.It is divided into three periods,from Hongwu to Chenghua,Hongzhi to Longqing,Wanli to Chongzhen by summing up the font styles of the Ming manuscripts,and the font styles of each period are specifically summarized.The third is to explore the appraisal methods of the Ming manuscripts.On the basis of previous studies,it summarizes the rules of the time,the scribes,the critics,the source of the manuscripts,and the research of author.It explored how to tell the manuscripts of Song,Yuan,and Qing.The fourth is the document value of the Ming manuscript,which is mainly discussed from two aspects,the correction of bibliographic information and the correction of the script's errors.According to the book communication circle model of Robert Darnton,the outer circle is the life cycle of books.The second chapter to the fifth chapter are studying the life cycle of the Ming manuscripts,which is to explore the production,circulation,reading and other aspects of the Ming manuscript from the perspective of publishing history.The Chapter two discusses the content of the Ming manuscripts production,mainly including the types of books copied from the court and the different types of Ming manuscripts.The Chapter three is a discussion on the production of manuscripts in the Ming Dynasty.It first clarified the differences between copy methods such as transcription and copying,shadow copying and copying,and then discussed the relationship between transcription and publication.Some errors of Ming manuscripts have always been criticized by scholars.The second section of this chapter explores the occurrence of errors of Ming manuscripts from the attitude of copying,knowledge level,external environment and How do scholars prevent corruption.The third section focuses on the version of the Ming manuscripts,and explored the edition heart between the Ming manuscript,and the production of the manuscripts from the scribe,the place of the transcription,and the brand of the manuscript production.The Chapter four is a discussion of the economics of manuscripts,focusing on exploring the economic motivation,efficiency of copying,and the cost and price of manuscripts.Chapter five studies the circulation of manuscripts in the Ming Dynasty,mainly from two aspects:readers and markets,book sellers and bookstores.The readers and market research of the Ming manuscripts mainly solved who were the readers of manuscripts and how much the manuscripts had in the book market.The readers of manuscripts were mainly defined by producers of manuscripts and producers of non-manuscripts,and the market research of manuscripts were mainly discussed through the trade of manuscripts and market share,the rare manuscripts in the market,the choice of readers,the manuscripts and prints in the market,and the impact of the imperial examination on the manuscripts market Book sellers and bookstores are important factors that promote the circulation of manuscripts,so they are mainly divided into two aspects:book peddlers and bookstore operations to explore the relationship between these two factors and manuscripts sales.The selling of book sellers mainly includes the identity and sales location,the types and operating methods of the selling,and specific sales strategies and case studies.The operation of the bookstore mainly discussed the location and operation of the bookstore,and through Qi Chenghan,Xie Zhaozhe,Qi Biaojia,Feng Mengzhen and other scholars books purchase to analyze the operating status of manuscripts in bookstores.Chapter six studied the reading and utilization of Ming manuscripts.Transcription is an important medium for reading.The range and types of books copied by Ming people are an important way to investigate the reading style of Ming scholars.Different types of manuscripts also have different reading groups.The use of manuscripts for education is another important part of this link.Scholars educate their children through copying activities in the family.This method is also popular in private schools.Scholars in the Ming Dynasty mainly read manuscripts through memory and annotations.The reading methods can be divided into reading aloud and silent reading,and copying can also be used as an auxiliary means of memory.The comments left by scholars on the manuscripts and their attitudes towards errors are also discussed.Finally,this article discusses the relationship between excerpting,compiling and manuscript production and reading.It mainly discusses the purpose and method of excerpting and compiling,and the relationship between excerpting,compiling and reading.problem.The inner circle of the book communication circle model of Robert Darnton is the relationship between books and political,social,and cultural backgrounds.Therefore,Chapters seven and eight of this article are based on the relationship between Ming manuscripts and academic,political,the history of manuscripts.Chapter seven discussed the relationship between manuscripts and the collections of Ming dynasties,series publications,and book reviews.From the perspective of the relationship between manuscripts and the collections of the Ming dynasty,manuscripts have played an important role in both official and private collections.From the point of the relationship between manuscripts and compilation of series,the Ming manuscripts promoted the compilation and publication of the series.Through the investigation of the Ming manuscript series,the concept of the series was revisited.From the point of manuscripts and banned books,due to their special circulation and other characteristics,manuscripts can avoid the review of Ming Dynasty books to a certain extent.This article mainly explores the Ming Dynasty's record,astronomical books,demon books which spreading in the form of transcripts.Chapter eight is a discussion of the social history of books.The first focus is on the special group of copy workers,which depicts the life status of copy workers in the Ming Dynasty,including their origin,income,and relationship with scholars and manuscripts.In addition to professional scribes,students,servants,and officers can all play the role of copyists.The second concern is the interpersonal network and communication mode of the scribes,and discusses how the scribes construct the interpersonal network to carry out book copying activities.Finally,as an appendix to this article,it discusses the organization of the writers in the Ming Dynasty's publishing and their relationship with scholars.In short,through systematic research on the Ming manuscripts,this article reveals how the production,circulation,and reading of the Ming manuscripts were carried out,thereby deepening the understanding of the copying activities of the Ming Dynasty and the relationship between manuscripts and script.