The Politics Of Brith:Power And Technology In The Birth Control Movement Of Modern China

Engels believed that human producing activities were included two types,one was the production of life materials and the other was the production of human beings by themselves.The studies of political science has long focused on the production and distribution of human materials,and paid less attention on the process of human production and value distribution of human beings by themselves.It is based on the historical materials of modern birth control movement in China and some materials of interviews and used qualitative research method,the role and influence of power space in the birth control movement which get achievement by modern reproductive technologyprogress are analyzed,and the reproductive' right,the distribution value of resources and political logic of process of population production and reproduction in modern countries are discussed in this paper.The expansion of state power and the progress of science and technology not only reshaped people's body view,but also expanded the power space of political value distribution,which make medicalized body,national fertility and scientific birth become the main characteristics of modern birth control movement in China.The double effect of state power and science and technology not only derives the problem of unbalanced rights in China's modern birth control movement,such as gender,nationality,region and age structure,but also derives the problems of life and technology ethics,such as gamete technology and choice of birth.Those changes are not only the products and results of the modem national reproductive rights and the authoritative distribution of resources,but also have a profound influence on the distribution pattern of power and rights in the politics of birth in the future,which will also reveal the historical process,managing logic and the practical consequences and the characteristics of the politics of birth.Due to the limitation of the level of productive forces and the level of medical technology,which caused population growth is relatively slow in traditional society.The "population growth and territory enlarged" have become the main political purpose pursued by the rulers of the dynasty.Social forces such as family and individual become the main implementers and participants of contraception.The spread of modern western birth control thoughts in Chinese society has not only brought birth to the "value subversion",Moreover,some intellectuals are closely related to the birth control movement and the political significance of improving the national quality and getting rid of the image of "sick man in Asia",and the introduction of Western medical science and technology provides a possibility for carrying out contraceptive practice in Chinese society.This action made the modern birth control movement in China to move from concept propaganda to action practice and which began to develop sporadically in some coastal cities,but its achievements and effects were very limited.After the establishment of People's Republic of China,the establishment of the planned economic system made people's reproductive behavior rapidly move from "private domain" to "public domain",and the individual body began to become a public space for the operation of state power under the support of technology,the progress of science and technology provides strong technical support and guarantee for the implementation of national fertility will,and the basic characteristics of modem birth control movement,such as characters of medicalized body,national fertility and scientific fertility have came into under this background.The phenomenon of physical health brought by technological progress in reproductive medicine not only abandoned the old cognition that traditional medicine regarded human body as a closed space,and the internal space of citizens' body is openly displayed under the dual discipline of power and technology.The political and technical transformation of the reproductive behavior makes the state political power a power guarantee for the promotion and application of birth control technology,and the reproductive technology provides technical support for the implementation of the birth control behavior,which are closely cooperated together to shape the basic features of modern contraception in China.Under the dual function of power and technology,citizens' personal bodies become the consequences and objects of discipline.Under the power of Chinese modern birth control movement,the individual body of the citizen is not only the object of constant exposure,inspection and filling,but also the object that is open,inspected and filled by technology.The medicalized body is not only the negative receiver of space arrangement and the passive obedient to the time monitoring under the dual discipline of power and technology,but also gradually evolves into the active tame of the body"truth" knowledge.The national birth control policy of birth control movement is the main content of the family planning policy in modern China.The two main purposes of policy implementation are to control the population and improve the quality of the population.Establishing the target control system of the population plan and improving the work index system of the population plan,the state realizes the planning constraint on the population growth,and realizes the planned control of the quality of population growth by establishing the control system of the eugenic target and improving the control mode of the eugenic target.In the implementation of the family planning policy,the state has established a "vertical to end" family planning power and technical network of "horizontal to side to side" through the establishment of six levels of family planning administrative organizations,institutions and social groups from central,provincial,county,township to village,and a powerful power and technology monitoring for citizens' personal and reproductive behavior has been formed.The establishment and implementation of the family planning leadership group system,the family planning target responsibility system and the family planning policy mobilization system not only strengthened the penetration of the state power to the grass-roots society,but also further intensified the tendency of the citizens and families to lose their rights in the face of strong power and technical intervention.The scientific fertility in the modern Chinese birth control movement is not only an important means to carry out the will of national fertility regulation,but also the main way to meet the needs of the people.Establishing the power monitoring system such as the quasi birth certificate system,the interest oriented system and the grass-roots monitoring system,the state will achieve scientific control over the national birth will,and which achieved national monitoring of people's scientific childbearing behavior by establishing family planning medical technology monitoring,contraceptive monitoring and demographic monitoring.The wide establishment of medical organizations,the balanced allocation of medical resources and the popularization of medical technology are not only important means to carry out national scientific birth will,and meet the important condition of eugenics people's demand for medical services.The establishment of the national family planning technology system not only provides a possibility for controlling population growth through technological means,and provides technical support for the promotion and application of national eugenics measures.It is a planned,selective and unbalanced distribution of the individual reproductive rights and technical resources of the citizens in the modern birth control movement in China,thus deriving a series of non balanced reproductive rights and reproductive consequences.The imbalance between the sex ratio of the birth population,the gender imbalance in the application of contraception technology and the monetizing tendency in women's marriage reveal that the family planning policy exacerbates the inherent imbalance of gender rights.The unbalance of the birth policy among the nationalities,the difference of the birth policy among the ethnic regions and the difference of the state of the population growth reflect that the family planning policy aggravates the problem of the unbalance of national rights.The urban and rural differences and regional differences of population growth indicate that the family planning policy has exacerbated the imbalance of reproductive rights among different regions.The urban and rural differences and regional differences in the age structure of the population indicate that the family planning policy exacerbates the imbalance between the rights of the population among the regions in the support of the support of young people and the elderly.Urban and rural imbalance,regional imbalance and structural imbalance of medical resources indicate that the family planning policy has exacerbated the imbalance of the rights of people's equal medical resources.Power and technology obviously will have a profound impact on the distribution of reproductive resources and right in the process of population production and reproduction.With the expansion of modern state power and the progress of technology,human birth is becoming more and more public,nationalized,politicized and technical zed,thus deriving many problems of fertility and causing a fierce struggle for rights.With the development of society and the growth of individual independence and awareness of rights,people are more concerned about the constraints of technology on individual freedoms and rights,as well as the issues of equality of women,equality of childbearing,equality of life and freedom of birth in the process of population production,and tried to rethink and define the boundary of power intervention and the limitation of technological penetration in the birth process.It leads to the question of the non balance of Chinese reproductive rights and the distribution of resources and the many problems derived from it,and the justification and necessity of the national population production target and the family planning policy itself are questioned.The government has begun to substantially adjust the national population production and development goals and the policy of family planning in practice.The adjustment of the goals and policies of these countries does not change the characteristics of the authoritative distribution of the population and the rights of the population,and even to a certain extent is the continuation and embodiment of the political logic of fertility,but it is only different in the range,highlight,purpose and methods of state power intervention and regulation in different periods.