State,Village Level Structure And Rural Society In Village Governance

With the report of the Nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward rural revitalization,China's exploration of rural governance has opened a new stage.At present,in the face of changing market environment and domestic environment,village governance is facing challenges.Only by exploring the optimal path of village governance can we solve the crisis of governance.The optimization of village governance can not leave aside the specific social environment of our country,let alone the unique history of our country.Therefore,it is a more appropriate method to explore the optimization of village governance from the history.Throughout the development of rural history in China,the change of internal governance comes from three levels.First,at the national level.Both the administrative power of the country and the social environment of the country are important driving forces for the development and change of villages.State power plays a decisive role in village governance,and promotes the change of rural society through its own power and influence.The second is village-level structure.Village-level structure is the institutional framework of village governance and plays an intermediary role between the state and rural society.On the one hand,the sound operation of village-level structure can support national governance and manage rural society according to the intention of the state.On the other hand,village-level structure transforms rural society through village governance,so that the changes of rural society are in line with national governance and national macro-environment.Thirdly,rural society.Rural society is not only the foundation of national governance,but also the soil of village governance.The change of rural society must support national governance and rural governance debugging,in order to complete the mutual support of the state,village-level structure and rural society.Mutual support of the triple structure determines the governance of the vast rural areas in China.Village governance needs the mutual support of the state,village-level structure and rural society to be stable.The state is the leading force for the establishment of the triple structure.Different supporting patterns determine the quality of governance.After the founding of New China,the vast rural areas in China have experienced the process of collectivization,reform and opening up.The triple structure has gone through a process from rigidity to openness and inclusiveness in accordance with the historical context of the country.During the period of collectivization,the rigid infiltration of state power laid the foundation for the operation of the triple structure.Rigid state power results in rigidity of village structure and plate shape of rural society.At this time,the support of the state,village structure and rural society is rigid and rigid,which determines the brittleness of its operation and leads to the involution of village changes.After the reform and opening up,the shrinkage of state power has given rural society a lot of autonomy.There is more autonomous space among the state,village structure and rural society.This autonomous space can not only accommodate the pluralistic development of the state governance environment,but also stimulate the vitality of village structure and rural society.The cycle of triple structure is more open and inclusive,which leads to the continuous development and change of village governance.Since the liberation of Jiashan Village in 1945,a series of changes have begun under the leadership of Party organizations.During this period,it experienced two complete periods: collectivization and reform and opening up.A triple cycle of two kinds of country,village structure and rural society has been formed.With its excellent development,Jiashan Village has provided good experience for the construction of triple cycle,the interaction of triple cycle and the optimization of triple cycle.Therefore,the author divides Jiashan village into two periods of change and four historical stages,and analyses the interaction of the state,village structure and rural society in each period,hoping to summarize the optimal path of village governance.Jiashan Village is a typical local village in the period of collectivization,which successfully forms the mutual support of the triple structure of state,village and rural society in the period of collectivization.During the period of collectivization,the triple structure was dominated by rigid state power.The infiltration of state power into the countryside resulted in the rigidity and involution of the triple structure.The success of collectivization led to its resistance to the new environment of reform and opening up,and resulted in the closure of village development.After the reform and opening up,the institutional change of villages is promoted by the state,and the promotion of administrative power and the change of external environment gradually influence the governance of villages from the outside to the inside.The first stage is the reconstruction of village structure by administrative power.Although the support pattern of the state,village structure and rural society has been formally completed,the soil for the transplantation system of reform and opening-up has not been formed.Both village cadres and villagers are confused about the reform and opening up.Because of the resistance to reform and opening up,the development of villages shows a certain degree of closure.In the second stage,the national environment began to break the ice in the village-level structure,and the village-level structure began to learn actively from the outside.Under the guidance of Jia Yufeng,the village-level structure began to learn from the outside world,leading to changes in rural society and the transformation of village governance.The development of villages began to integrate with the external environment.However,at this time,village governance has a strong unidirectionality,and rural society is passively changing under the guidance of village-level structure.In the third stage,the external environment began to have a direct impact on rural society.With the passage of the times,the external environment began to have a greater impact on rural society.The rural society itself accepted the external environment and began the process of thinking independently about the external environment and the village environment.The whole village is open and inclusive.After a series of impacts of external environment on Jiashan village,the triple structure of state,village level and rural society has formed an open and inclusive cycle,which promotes the continuous development of village governance.The stability of village governance needs the interaction of state,village structure and rural society,and the development of village governance needs their joint promotion.When the inclusive and open cycle is established,the state,village-level structure and rural society will promote each other and develop together.Therefore,the optimal path of village governance is not only to seek the stable support of the state,village-level structure and rural society,but also to seek their tolerance,integration and vitality.