Study On The Sea Area Of Hunchun’s "Nan Hai" In Qing Dynasty

In Qing dynasty,as the Southeast area which controlled by General Jilin,Hunchun played an important role on its geographic location.Firstly,Hunchun is surrounded by Mount Holt,Tongken mountain,etc.secondly,To the east of Hunchun,“Sonth ocean” was controlled by General Jilin,Lastly,Hunchun faces to Tumen River,which is border between China and North Korea.Therefore,the bannermen of Hunchun beared different functions,including guarding Ginseng mountains,patroling “Nanhai”,guarding Tunmen River.Generally speaking,the Ginseng mountains distributing on east sea area,islands,were called “ Nanhai places’ ’,namely “Nanhai borderland”in early Qing Dynasty context.In history,Jurchens earned their living the places,which were recorded on hictorical docunments.At the start of Qing dynasty,the area of “Nanhai”had transported a large amount of population,ecnomic resources such as ginseng and marten from Taizu to Taizong,this enhanced the force of eight banners.The inhabitants of border area established the base in the process of rising and conquering Central Plain.At the beginning of Manchu conquering Central Plain,because of the bannermen immigration to hinterland,the power of Northeast defense weaked,Furthermore,Russia bagan to coveted the northeast of China,as a result,the two dynasties of Shunzhi and Kangxi command the inhabitants of border area diffusing in“Nanhai”as defence force.In the 35 the year of Kangxi,Hunchun Xieling was established,including three Gashan of Kuyala people,defensed in Hunchun,and were allowed to live by gathering,hunting and fishing.In Kangxi period,because of the excavation of the ginsen mountains,the Qing Government transferred the ginsen mountains to the mountains of Sui area and Wusuli area.The ginsen mountains were controlled by Hunchun Xieling.Because the immigrating people of illegal gathering ginsen,had effected the benefit of bannermen of Hunchun,so the Qing government patrolled “Nanhai”.In the long time of patrolling “Nanhai”,the bannermen of Hunchun had to Patrolled the ginsen mountains and the 14 islands of “Southsea”,the activity persisted until the signing of “Convention of Peking”in 1860.the bannermen made a great contribution to defesing the boder of “Nanhai”,especially in patrolling the area of Wusuli and Suifen.In the period from Daoguang to Xianfeng,facing the aggression of Russia to Wusuli and Suifen,the Qing government changed the policy that expelled the Han,and began to offer the amnesty and utilization.The government collaborated with the Han to enhance the defence force.Meanwhile,the aggressors were not escessively irritated.In 1860,the “Convention of Peking” between Qing government and Russia,the power of controlling Wusuli and Suifen areas by General Jilin,vice—general of Ningguta and chife of artillery in Hunchun losed.Though in “Convention of Peking”,bannermen had the right to fishing,this only a fraud of Russia.Lastly the bannermen of Hunchun were compelled to leave the “Nanhai”.In the past,the study of garrison mainly focused on the instituitional history,neglected the borderland “Nanhai”.In addition,most of the studies on borderland history in Qing dynasty are not involved.As a result,the author utiliazes the documents of Qing dynasty,in order to discuss the questions about “Nanhai”as borderland,and fill the gap in this field.