The Study Of Yan’an Song And Jin Dynasty Grottoes

By field investigation,Song and Jin Dynasty Grottoes are 81,and 136 niches。To comprehend and systematicaly interpretate song and Jin Dynasty Grottoes statues’ theme and inscriptions at Yan’an,this dissertation mainly utilizes the basic method of archaeology,literature,art history and graphics,and on this basis,comprehend analysis the changes of the Grottoes shapes,and statues theme and style.According to the chronological Grottoes and statues,date and divide the Song and Jin Grottoes at Yan’an,dividing into four stages,namely early,middle and late Northern Song Dynasty and early Jin Dynasty.The number of Grottoes cutting are small and few in early Northern Song Dynasty,in the shapes,theme and style of Grottoes showed significant imitation of Tang Dynasty Grottoes statues at Yan’an.During this period,the statues are vigorous,simple and slightly clumsy.During the middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty,the Grottoes number increased slightly,but the scale is still small.The statues theme are being enriched,including some new topics.The statues style gradually mature,began to form comely and introverted character.The number of the late Northern Song Dynasty Grottoes increased dramatically,the Grottoes shapes and statues themes are diverse,especially turned up a number of large and super Grottoes.After skilled Sculpture coming,Buddha and Bodhisattva statues formed subtle,restrained,detached secular style and characteristic kings,Buddhist Saint,etc.are more close to common people.After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty,the number of Grottoes decrease at Yan’an,in the terms of Grottoes and the statues style basically follow the late Northern Song Dynasty Grottoes.The statues style gradually changed,formed kind of characteristics of Jin Dynasty statues of dignified and solemn,powerful and strong and self-confidence.After clarifying the theme and the age,based on the statues inscription,this dissertation focus on the investigation of Grottoes statues and craftsmen Song and Jin Dynasty at Yan’an.There are craftsmen organized by Mi Yanfu in the early Song Dynasty,activated in Fuxian county,mainly to imitate Grottoes of the Tang Dynasty style.Form the mid Northern Song Dynasty to the early Jin Dynasty,the most important craftsmen came from Jie artisan family,they lived on statues Grottoes at Yan’an lasted at least 100 years about more than 5 generations,including 15 titled Grottoes and a number of non-title Grottoes,whose influence throughout the Yan’an and adjacent Longdong etc.In addition,Wang Xin at 10 th Grottoes Zhongshan mountain,Zhao Hou at Yueping Grottoes,Wang Zhi at Shisihe 1st Grottoes,Yida at Hejiawa Grottoes,Zhenwudong Temple 2nd Grottoes,have skilled statue art,the main builder of song and Jin Dynasty Grottoes at Yan’an.Finally,this dissertation selects representative themes,such as Monks,ksitigarbha,Xuan Zang,learn to hide,the music image Nirvana dancers Song and Jin Dynasty Grottoes at Yan’an,from which to reveal the characteristics and connotation of song and Jin Grottoes statues at Yan’an.The image of Monks shows different combinations of with Avalokitesvara,Maitreya,Baozhi and Wanhui,sixteen buddhist saints,mainly reflects the expectations of his believers for peaceful and prosperous life and death for sukhavati.The image of ksitigarbha,ten kings and hell also have different combinations,what’s more,the Jin ksitigarbha combined with mining and Daoming monk,which dates Jin ksitigarbha belief and related stories,images from Ming Dynasty to the early Northern Song dynasty.Through the analysis of the ksitigarbha and ten kings,Avalokitesvara and sixteen buddhist saints,and image of Nirvana,revealing the belief,advised evil to goodness,save life and dead in Song and Jin Grottoes at Yan’an.Yan’an is the most concentrated area of Xuan Zang’s pilgrimage,and the earliest period.Compared with Gansu,Sichuan and Chongqing,Shanxi and other places to learn Xuanzang pilgrimage,this dissertation display Xuanzang pilgrimage in song and Jin Grottoes at Yan’an and its infection on the surrounding area.A large number of images of Xuan Zang’s pilgrimage emerged in Song and Jin Dynasty at Yan’an Grottoes,based on two reasons,one is the rise of Buddhism in the Northern Song Dynasty,the second is Xuan Zang and the special relationships with northern Shaanxi.The image of music and dancer in Song and Jin Dynasty Grottoes at Yan’an,classified into exogenous evil music and dancer to celebrate Buddha Nirvanais and buddhist saints support.The externalists image of Nirvana produced in the Northern Dynasties,inherited naked image style of the Gandhara era,it become Brahmin image in the Tang Dynasty,when fall Song,Liao,Jin and Xia period,is still the same,but at the same time,there emerged Hu people with Han dress.The externalists music and dancer image are closed with the end of law and law enforcement thought.The image of buddhist saints played music,is transformation for supporting Buddha Nirvanas,human-heaven dance and music supporting to replace buddhist saints aims to emphasize on buddhist saints preaching and salvation.