Comparative Analysis Of Rice Mechanized Production Between China And Thailand

Rice is one of the major grain crops,the main production area of which is Asia.According to the FAO statistics,88%rice planting area and 90%production are from Asian countries.With the total world rice planted are of approximately 160 million ha,about 487.1 million milled rice were produced in 2017.China and Thailand are the most important rice production countries,of which China is the second largest of world rice planting country and the first of world rice production.Rice production in China accounts for 40%of the global total.However,China imported 5.50 million tons of rice on 2016.Thailand is the fourth of world rice planting area and the sixth of world rice production.Thailand is,as well,self-sufficient in rice production.Currently,Thailand is the large rice exporter in the world,although its production yield is quite low comparing with that of China,Japan,Vietnam,India,Indonesia,Bangladesh,Philippines and Myanmar.2016 the proportion of three main categories of Thai exported rice:jasmine rice,parboiled rice and white rice was 60%,36%and 24%share in its market.The annual exported milled rice reaches 9.99 million tons in 2016,it was 36.6%of Thai's rice production.From the prospective of the economic globalization and the international competitiveness of rice,based on the mode of rice production,organization form,policy-measures,the comprehensive of rice production system,productivity,production costs and production efficiency of both China and Thailand are investigated.The comparison analysis was conducted in each countries condition,however the similar rice practice technical was obtained.The double cropping area was the target area of this research.Guangxi,China and Ratchaburi,Thailand are engaged to the study.The model of China and Thailand rice mechanized production,the recommendation of the development route and the policy of rice mechanized production promotion were proposed in this study to provide references for further Chinese and Thai rice mechanization science research and government's policy enacting.The main research contents and results are as follows:1)Review on the related rice mechanized production theory and method proves that rice production efficiency is the core of rice market competitiveness.The handle of the mechanization of post-harvest for rice production can increase value-added and ensure the rice quality.According to Porter's Diamond Mode,it is obvious that the international rice competitiveness should have higher labor productivity.To increase the labor productivity on rice production,the overall of rice mechanization production must be carried out.The research shows that the compound annual growth rate(CAGR),rice mechanization level of tillage(RMT),rice mechanization level of planting(RMP),rice mechanization level of crop protection(RMC),rice mechanization level of harvesting(RMH)and rice mechanization level of drying(RMD)are the rice mechanized production development index,including the calculation methods for break-even point and payback period of the rice mechanized production.The influence factors of rice mechanized production of both country was analyzed through AHP.2)The research is integrated to typical case study,showing the influence factors of rice mechanized production such as economic production scale,seedling production system,the production mode,technical route,the organization form and policy.The whole system of rice mechanized production efficiency and the influence factors frame are built.The comparison of China and Thailand rice mechanized production in mode of economic production scale,seedling production system,the production mode,technical route,the organization form and policy are conducted.The research data is collected by the investigation at rice production area of both country,e.g.Guigang China and Ratchaburi Thailand.The research results shows the main remained problem and regular pattern of rice mechanized production of China and Thailand.From the view of socioeconomic structure of China and Thailand,both base on three sector of macroeconomic as agricultural,industrial and service.China's economy mainly is driven by the industrial and service's GDP,in 2016 it was 37.4 and 58.2%sharing,respectively.The agriculture's GDP of China was 4.4%.Meanwhile Thailand's economy mainly relies on non-agriculture's GDP,in 2016 was 94.7%sharing.The agriculture's GDP of Thailand was 6.1%.The difference of socioeconomic scale has influenced to the farm machinery development.In 2017,the annual growth rate of GDP per capital of China was two time greater than Thailand.The growth of capital income is one of an agricultural machinery growth functional.The farmer's income increase that means the power in farm machinery purchased will be increased.From the view of land productivity in China and Thailand,even though Thailand is one of top ten rice exported countries but the land productivity of rice production is rather lower than China land productivity.The land productivity of Thai rice production was 2.3 time less than China.The seed quality and good variety is necessary development,which can increase land productivity of rice production of country.A comparison of land productivity and machinery productivity in China and Thailand was carried out through DEA analysis,based on individual farmers and farmers' cooperatives as analysis categories.Land productivity is the relationship between production yield and production costs.The results showed that land productivity and machinery productivity of individual farmers in China are relatively higher than those of the rest.The labor productivity is one of factor influenced to rice mechanization development.The labor productivity in each process of mechanized rice production was analyzed.Labor productivity is the relationship between production yield per unit area and a number of labor involved.InThailand,the number of labor involved in mechanized rice production,in the process of tillage,planting,crop protection,harvesting,and drying,is 1,2,2,2,and 3,respectively,while that of the same in China is 1,5,2,2,and 3,respectively.Labor productivity technical efficiency was measured through the use of DEA,and the CRS and VRS technical efficiency(TE)are demonstrated.The results showed the efficient of labor productivity in the process of tillage and crop protection are greater than other process in both China and Thailand,due to the scale of DEA analysis was less than 1.0.To improve the mechanization of rice production that can increase labor productivity of rice production.Farm machinery is necessary for the traditional practice in the process of labor intensive as planting,harvesting and drying.However,to push forward and improve the mechanization level of rice production both require the practical farm machinery policies and measures.The analysis for find three important influence factors of rice mechanized production by AHP analysis.The influence factors of mechanized rice production was obtained as economic scale(C1),seedling technical(C2),production pattern(C3),technology path(C4),service type(C5)and policies(C6).The opinion from the skilled farmers were interviewed by weighting the importance factor.From the interview,discussed with growers of rice in the central region,the findings of importance influence factors,and their weight,for the selection of three main important influence factors.The results showed CR<1.0,so all factors are consistent with one another,the results demonstrated that three importance factors of Thai rice mechanized production:seedling technology,economic production scale,and policies,were at 35%,22%,and 19%,respectively.Thai rice farmer make a decision for farm machinery selection was analyzed through AHP,the results showed CR<0.1 all factors are consistent with one another,were used to compute a weighted average,and the results demonstrated that three factors influence to Thai farmers who are rice mechanized production for tractor selection:costs,field capacity,and power source,were at 50%,41%,and 9%,respectively.The factors influence to transplanter choose:costs,field capacity and power source were at 48%,44%and 8%respectively.The factors influence to sprayer select:costs,field capacity and power source were at 47%,43%and 10%respectively.The factors influence to combine harvester selection:field capacity,costs and power source were at 56%,34%and 10%.3)A theory of systems engineering is applied to compare the technology routes and patterns of rice mechanized production in China and Thailand.An optimize scheme of comprehensive rice mechanized production technology mode is proposed.From the view of system engineering method,the practical rice mechanized production technology route and patterns are investigated.The production efficiency and main remained problem of difference patterns were analyzed.Since the results suggested that the mechanization of rice post-harvest handling such as dryer must be strengthened to improve quality of rice production in China,a whole system of mechanized rice production scheme was proposed.By giving consideration to proper agricultural mechanization adopted by agricultural individuals and organizations,mechanization of the whole rice production system will help enhance production efficiency and production yield per area in both.The investigation data from 2013 showed the rice mechanization level of Thailand was 100%tillage,37.09%planting and 100%harvesting respectively.Both China and Thailand must strengthen on push forward the mechanization of planting more than tillage and harvesting.According to the CAGR,China can reach to 100%mechanization of tillage and harvesting in near future.While Thailand is already complete in mechanization of tillage and harvesting.4)A mode of "Internet and Big Data" is suggest to improve and develop the whole system of rice mechanized production.The structure and type of agricultural machinery service provider or service center can be developed by integrating the internet with big data.The agricultural machinery service is the organization,which could ensure the mechanized level in rice production efficiency.The organization of China and Thai rice mechanized production pattern,service mode,service scale,production efficiency in different organization scale are analyzed.The break-even point and payback period are calculated and compared.The machinery service provider working frame is proposed,which is developing the whole rice mechanization production system integrated with farm work by adopting the Internet and Big Data.5)The difference in supported rice mechanized production policies between China and Thailand are compared.Proposes on promoting the whole system of Thailand rice mechanized production is put forwarded.The law,measures and policies of China and Thailand are systemically compared and analyzed.China has announced several proper supported agricultural mechanization policies,e.g.Agriculture Law of the People's Republic of China has been enacted since December 28,2002."Law of the people's Republic of China on Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization" has been enacted since 2004.Law of the People's Republic of China on Farmer professional cooperatives have been enacted since July 1,2007.Agricultural Machinery Safety Supervision and Management Regulations has been enacted since November 1,2009.While Thailand lack.