| Circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration?118°20'123°25'E,29°13'31°11'N?,also known as Hangzhou-Bay Industrial Belt,is located in the north of Zhejiang Province.It is a spatial pattern system of Hangzhou Bay city cluster with leading city Shanghai,two central cities Hangzhou and Ningbo,and Zhoushan,Jiaxing,Huzhou,and Shaoxing as the regional collaborative space and the key region of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration.It plays an important role in international cooperation and competition.Hence,Hangzhou Bay urban agglomeration is an important part of the Yangtze river delta urban agglomeration as well and has an extremely important strategic position in the urban development of China.The area of wetlands in circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration is 1,071,300hm2,accounting for 20.28%of the total region.Moreover,it is one of the wetlands with most comprehensive types,which are few in China.These wetlands supply various provisioning,regulating,supporting and cultural ecosystem services for circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration,by the orderly operation of its ecosystem function.However,there is absence of ecosystem service value evaluation system which is suitable for urban agglomeration wetlands,and the existing evaluation system fails to count the value of many important ecosystem services of urban agglomeration wetlands.Besides,wetland ecosystem could provide positive and negative ecosystem services in the same time,which means benefit or adverse to human survival and development.However,research on the ecosystem disservices were less.Meanwhile,with the time,influenced by regional socio-economic development,human activities and global climate change,has the quantity and quality of wetland ecosystem service in circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration changed?And,how do these social,economic and natural environmental factors drive the ecosystem service change?Nor is it clear at the moment.Therefore,given the above problems,we studied circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration wetland ecosystem service value assessment by using the model construction,field investigation,literature collection,market value,shadow project approach,replacement cost technique,and other ecosystem services value assessment methods.The main research results are as follows:?1?Referring to the wetland ecosystem service value evaluation system?LY/T2899-2017?,and considering with the ecosystem disservice,the wetland ecosystem service value evaluation system of circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration was constructed.This evaluation system included 16 specific ecosystem service indicators,which could be categorized to positive ecosystem services and ecosystem disservices.Positive ecosystem services,according to MA?2003?,can be divided into provisioning,regulating,supporting and cultural services,mainly including 12 specific indicators such as material product provision,climate regulation,biological habitat maintenance and protection,leisure tourism.Ecosystem disservices mainly include eutrophication,biological invasion,greenhouse gas emissions,and pollen allergy.?2?In 2016,the total value of wetland ecosystem services in circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration was 139 million yuan,in which the total value of positive ecosystem services was 148 million yuan and the ecosystem disservices were 8.85 million yuan.Leisure tourism,climate regulation,product supply of animal and plant resources,and flood regulation were the core positive services.The value of eutrophication was relatively large in ecosystem disservices?72.53%?.In terms of different types of wetland,estuarine waters,lake,river and reservoir wetland were the main providers of ecosystem service.With larger area and higher service value per unit area,they could achieve priority when formulating wetland protection and utilization strategy.On the other hand,lake and river wetlands also had significant ecosystem disservices of alien biological invasion and eutrophication,which should be paid special attention.Seven cities of circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration can be divided into three ecological service areas.The first functional area was"leisure and cultural tourism"functional area,including Hangzhou and Shanghai,and its cultural services such as landscape appreciation and leisure tourism,were of outstanding value,as were ecosystem disservices,such as alien biological invasion and eutrophication.The second functional area was the"material product supply"functional area,including Ningbo and Zhoushan.This area was mainly manifested by the high service value of animal and plant resources,and the ecosystem disservice value of eutrophication was also prominent.The third functional area was"regulating and supporting services"functional area,which includes Huzhou,Shaoxing,and Jiaxing.This area showed the prominent value of climate regulation,PM2.5 particulate matter absorption,and biological habitat maintenance and protection.?3?The total value of ecosystem services showed a negative change from 2000 to2012 and a positive change from 2012 to 2016.Among the positive services,animal and plant resource products,leisure tourism,cultural ecosystem services were increased,while the services such as water resource supply,climate regulation,water quality purification,erosion control,flood regulation,and biological habitat maintenance and protection decreased and increased then.Among the ecosystem disservice,alien biological invasion and water eutrophication were increased and decreased then,while greenhouse gas emission and pollen allergy showed a continuously increasing trend.For different types of wetlands,the value of the service of coastal wetlands,river wetlands,and lake wetlands all showed a decreasing trend and then an increasing trend.For marsh wetland,the biological habitat maintenance and protection service and leisure tourism service changed obviously.Products of plant and animal resources,absorption of PM2.5particles and leisure tourism services of constructed wetlands showed a continuously increasing trend.In terms of synergy/tradeoff between services,the tradeoff was the dominant relationship from 2000 to 2012,while the synergy was the dominant relationship from 2012 to 2016.Ecosystem services dynamic driving factor analysis results showed that the rapid social and economic growth of Hangzhou Bay urban agglomeration still promote the value of ecosystem disservices of alien biological invasion and eutrophication,and reduce the value of positive services of water quality purification,maintenance,and protection of biological habitat.?4?The urbanization-ecosystem service coordination index was constructed to evaluate the sustainable development grade of Hangzhou Bay urban agglomeration at the different periods.The results showed that,from 2000 to 2016,Shanghai and Hangzhou were in the state of"basic coordination".However,2000-2012 was in the state of"mild conflict",and 2012-2016 was in the state of"basic coordination".The changed degree of synergy between the index of population urbanization,economic urbanization and landscape urbanization and the provisioning and cultural services was more obvious.From 2012 to 2016,although the overall level of coordination changed from"mild conflict"to"basic coordination",however,there was no significant change in the degree of synergy between population urbanization,economic urbanization and landscape urbanization index and supporting,regulating services and ecosystem disservice.It is necessary to promote the analysis on synergy mechanism between urbanization and regulating supporting services,and the tradeoff mechanism between urbanization and ecosystem disservices.According to the study,it is helpful to improve the public's understanding of wetland ecosystem services in Hangzhou Bay urban agglomeration and to provide certain theoretical guidance and data support for the establishment of wetland ecological compensation system,and then helpful to effective protection and rational utilization of wetland resources in circum-Hangzhou-Bay urban agglomeration. |
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