Research On Rural Economic Changes In Guanzhong Region During 1927?1937

In the early years of the Republic of China, agricultural production was severely damaged because of natural and man-made calamities, and the rural economy was on the brink of collapse.The characteristic of land allotmentin Guanzhong rural are awas loose from 1927 to 1937, which was typical of peasant society where tenant farmers were fewer and tenancy wasunderdevelopment.According to the survey, in 1931, tenant farmers accounted for 9.75%, semi-owner peasantaccounted for 13.05%, owner peasants accounted for 77.20%. In 1937,peasant averagefield was 26.08 acres that was slightly higher than national average. In land usage, commercially grown was improvedgradually.The price of agricultural products had great effect on production arrangements, which made the level of agricultural product market greatly improved. Under this impact, Large-scale cotton planting appeared in this area. Shaanxi cotton planting area and production ranked the 6th place in the whole country in 1934. In addition,tobacco was grown in many counties, especially in Qishan, Fengxiang, Longxian, Baoji, the quality and production of tobacco were the best. In rural cottage industries, the manual textile industry wasgreat influenced by the textile industry, and the commercialization was decreased.That made manual textile industry was mainly used for household consumption. In Fengxiang,manual wine with a certain brand advantagehas gradually developed. The manual paper making industry was most developed in Pucheng, Changan, Fengxiang, the productnot only supplied the consumption of the Shaanxi province but also marketed in Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Inner Mongolia.Agricultural cooperative movement, as a basic measure to revive the rural areas, has a rapid developmentinthe region. Atthe end of 1937, there were 591 cooperative organizations and 29955 members, the rural financial problems were basically resolved. At the same time, agricultural cooperative organizations made outstanding contribution to promotion of excellent plants, improved type of farm implements, farming technology and farmer education.In the 1930s, Chinese farmers' burden and local tax reform showed a certain paradox, that is to say, the government promoted modernization by financial power.However, Chineseindustrywas underdeveloped, the government could extract funding from the peasants. As a result, the farmers not only sufferedthe price scissors between industry and agriculture, but also had to pay the heavy cost of modernization. The result was that the economic burden was heavy and the peasants' life was difficult in this area.From 1927 to 1933, the region was severely affected by the natural disaster, the population's quality and quantitydeclined sharply.The agricultural production was greatly destroyed, so the farmers' debt problems were serious. The average debt ratiowhich was 86.86% in Guanzhong area is higher than national average.Forced to liveis the main debt reason, the main usage of debtwas daily life consumption, rarely used in the production consumption. The loan had great negative influence onpeasants' life, while cooperative loan played the most positive role in rural economy.The modernization of system and technology that broke through the traditionalmode was times condition of the agricultural developmentin Guanzhong region.As we all know, administrative agencies formulated and implementedpolicies, the formulation and implementation of agricultural policy directly effected the establish and perfection of agricultural organization. During The Nanjing National Government, agricultural reform constructed an agricultural systemfrom central to local. With the trend of the northwest development, Shaanxi promotedagricultural modernizationactively, and made some achievements in modern large-scale water conservancy project, agricultural science and technology promotion, traffic network and financial systemconstruction, and market trade.This period was an important stage of theagriculture from tradition to modernization. The rural economy was no longer restoration and growth, and greatly developed in quality and quantity under the factors of modern agricultural system, cooperative organization, agricultural science and technology, water conservancy project, the financial system, and market trade. These historical experiences are great value to solving the problems ofcountrysideagriculture,and farmer.