Research On The Five Capitals Of Bo-hai State From The Perspective Of Space

Bohai State was a regime of minority in northeast of China in Tang Dynasty,because of its proserity in the degree of civilization development and the cultural transit station in Northeast Asia,which was konwn as "Haidong Shengguo".In the history of more than 200 years,it established five central cities named Zhongjing,Shangjing,Dongjing,Xijing,Nanjing.Among them,Zhongjing,Shangjing and Dongjing had been as capital,and Shangjing as the capital for the longest time.Although Xijing and Nanjing hadn’t served as the political center,they also had special function.As a regional center under the control of the Balhae Central Committee,five capitals assumed the pivotal role of the hub between countries in Northeast Asia.The development of the five capitals could be said to be a microcosm of the history of Balhae,and which is an important part of the study.The implementation of fivecapital-system is a manifestation of studying the Tang Dynasty’s cultural system.It is not only the individual capital,but also the comprehensive discussion on the expansion of the territory,transportation,economic development and relocation of the capital as the center.In view of the points,this paper is divided into five parts to discuss the questions of Balhae’s five capitals from the perspective of historical geography.The first part is the introduction.This part mainly expounds the reason,the significance,the methods and the framework of the topic.Especially focuses on the research status of Balhae’s capitals.The second part is the first chapter.This part is to explore the origin of Balhae capital system and its early capital.First,we need to clarify the source of the capital system.It is pointed out that the capital system was imported from the Tang Dynasty.In addition,through the investigation of the latest archaeological data,we point out that Chengshanzi city does not have the features of Dongmu Mountain,and Chengzishan city estimated to be the foundation of Balhae.Xigucheng is closed to Chengzishan city,and it has a capital property,which is judged as the early capital.The third part consists of the second chapter and third chapter.We have discussed the reasons of settling and choosing the location of five capitals from the perspective of historical political geography and economic geography.In the aspect of political geography,we mainly based on the development of the territory as the main thread,and discussed the interaction between five capitals setting up and the expansion of the territory.The capital system is useful to strengthening the management of the region.In the aspect of economical geography,we have analyzed the foundation of choosing locations for five capitals,which based on the economical distribution and traffic pattern.The fourth part is the fourth chapter.This part based on the latest archaeological results to examine the capital’s form from the perspective of historical urbanization.This section mainly examines the current situation of the city and the surrounding environment where we can judge the location of the four capitals.Through the comparison,we found that the natural environment and the facilities construction surrounded the capitals are the same,but because of the difference of capital and alternate capital,different function lead to the difference of the shape and size of five capitals.The fifth part is the fifth chapter.This part focuses on the relocation of capital.This section is based on relations among the capital setting and territorial expansion,economical geography and other issues,proposed the capital migration route is Zhongjing city to Shangjing city,then to Dongjing city then remove to Shangjing city.We divided the migration of the structural elements into three types,which named demand factors,driving elements and supporting elements,and explain the driving mechanism.The study shows reasons about the capital’s moving,which is mainly based on the favorable geographical location and economical geography,and the direction of the expansion of Balhae.also maybe the mergering and controlling the parts of Mohe or the relationship between Balhae and neighbor countries.