The Study On The City Site Of The Bohai State

bohaiKingdom, established in the period of Wuzhou in Tang Dynasties, is a regime of minority in northeast of China. It is established by Mohe nations in the first year of Empress Wu in 698 A.D, and ended by Qidan nations in 926 A.D. bohaiKingdom, which lasts 229 years including 15 kings, has 5 capitals,15provinces,62 states and more than 130 small towns in the heyday. Therefore, it leaves a large number of traces of Balhae. All the traces are not only the material remains of history, but also the direct reflections of the information of the cities in that time. The structures, shape and the remains of the cities are able to reflect the information of the cities at that time intuitively. The relationship between the cities remains the ruler’s intention of controlling the territory and keeping economic and cultural connections.Through analyzing the characteristics of sites distributions and the relations of the cities, we can see the politics, economy and cultural connotation of bohaicities systematically. In view of the above ideas, this paper is divided into six parts to discuss the questions of bohaicities.The first part is the introduction. This part mainly discusses the origin of the topic, the object of study, value and innovation. Especially focuses on the research status of bohaicities.The second part, which is mainly from the two aspects of archaeology and historical geography, focuses on discussing the standards of definition of Balhea city.In archaeology, we regard the systematically explore different types of typical Balhae city as the basic reference, and research the basic shape of the capital, province and small cities. Besides, we also discuss on the unearthed pottery building components, typical pottery vessels of life, the temples, the tombs, and the residential sites, In historical geography, we make a comprehensive study of the specific definition of Balhea by Chinese and foreign scholars in recent years, and also discuss the problems which still have existence of the dispute. Finally, we make a set of relatively feasible definition standard of Balhae cities.The third part mainly discusses the capital site of Balhae. In this part, we take the latest archaeological achievement as the foundation, and review the cities which once or may act as the capital of bohaifrom the micro perspective in detail. Firstly, we have investigated Aodong city, Chengshanzi city, Yongsheng city and other ones which are presumed to the capital of bohaiin the early time. Through investigation, we believe that those cities are not identified as the cities of Balhae. On one hand, it is lack of the necessary support of archeology. On the other hand, those cities are also not up to standard capital on the scale. The position and shape of the capital of bohaineed more archaeology research deeply. In this part, we also carry on the detailed study Shangjing city, Xigu city, Balian city which are based on the review of the latest archaeological research. Through the investigation of the latest archaeological data, we correct some errors existing in the old knowledge to a certain extent, and deeply discuss the actual conditions reacted from the site of capital of Balhae.The fourth part focuses on the site of provinces of Balhae. In this part, we have carried on the elaboration to the area, the evolution and the basic administrative division of provinces of Balhea.On this basis, combined with the relevant historical geography research results, we(?) veelaborated the basic situation of Jingfu province, further define the site distribution of Jingfu Province, and classify the administrative divisions of Balhae.The fifth part focuses on the basic judgment of states and small towns. In this part, we mainly use the definition standard of the bohaicity as the basis, combined with existing research results, especially the latest research results of Archaeology in Balhae. Then, we should interpret and distinguish the information of states and small towns, and make a comprehensive and accurate statistics of the data of bohaisite. Furthermore, we make a detailed statistical tables and the distribution map of the states and small town.The sixth part focuses on the characteristics of city distribution and the local political framework of Balhae. From the macro overall, distribution of Balhae city site exists obvious imbalance. Longquan of Shangjing and Xiande of Zhongjing are closely, and the rest of the city state was sparse. As close to the edge area of the state, we, so far, do not even find the typical site of bohaicity. From the microscopic point of view, bohaicity sites are distributed in a line which taking particular province as center. From the distribution situation of the city site, Balhea concludes those areas. Therefore, we can see the result that the government of bohaihasn’t taken the way of centralization to administrate the territory under its jurisdiction including the provinces of Balhae. There was a real possibility that relative centralization had been taken in the five provinces and the area around. As for the outskirts of the reign, it is likely to adopt a similar form of governance like Tang Dynasty.Briefly, based on the research achievements of predecessors and with reference to the latest archaeological achievements, we establish the basic judgement standard of Balhae. City, and discuss the information of bohaisystematically. Then, we discourse the basic shape, distribution and area of Bohai City. As a result, we clarifies the basic characteristics and distribution of bohaicity.