The Daily Life Of The Middle And Lower Beijing Officials In Late Qing Dynasty

In the bureaucracy system of the Qing Dynasty,the middle and lower levels of Beijing officials consisted of a considerable number of officials,they executed the daily administrative affairs of the central authorities Their role in government and status can not be i~gnored and their official career and official life are undoubtedly importantresearch areas.This paper focuses on the daily life of Beijing officials,including their amount,selection,daily business,social network,economic life and entertainment activities to explore the dynamic relationship between the officials' group and the social changes in the late Qing Dynasty.In the late Qing Dynasty,the expansion of Beijing officials,redundancy of candidates and the diversification of officials' source made the promotion pretty hard.Officials' supplication of the vacancy and promotion were mainly based on the seniority according to the official in the Ministry,but after the New Policy the assumption of duty was mainly based on ability and personal opinions.To protect the national interest,there is an imbalance between the banners and the Han people.In order to clarify the work responsibility and improve the efficiency of government affairs,the Qing government set up the "WuBu" system under the old departmental system.Here,"Zhangyin""Zhugao" will be responsible for the affairs and not all the candidate officials are required to be in the office.In the new policies of Qing Dynasty,newlyfounded official positions,such as Sizhang,Kezhang?Keyuan,etc.were also called "new ubu".Itshows worked an important part connecting the traditional and the modern bureaucracy.Without official business,officials spent more time on entertainment,the whirl of society,reading,and poem appreciation.Beijing officials' social network was leaded by the identity of the geographical relationship.There was a disparity between high spending on entertainment and their lower salary.The officials' main source of income was from informal sources such as family support,changing the printed fee,accepting gifts from other officials,and business trips.The new period,the government to raise the official salaries,exacerbating the extravagant officials corrupt life.At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,a number of activities stepped into Beijing officials' daily life.These activities included learning new knowledge,participating in social groups,and accepting the Western lifestyes and entertainment.Combined with Beijing officials' original way of life,this becomes an important link of their translation from traditional life style into modern life style.In the period of social change,liberal and conservative differentiation of the middle and lower levels of Beijing officials groups.