Theater Studies In Song Dynasty

When studying the Song dynasty drama,Scholars often call it the Northern Song Dynasty opera,the Southern Song Dynasty opera,or the Jin Dynasty opera and so on.The reason behind it was that there were many changes in the form of the opera in the Song Dynasty.And the reasons behind the changes in the form of these operas,due to the lack of literature on the Song Dynasty opera,has not yet been revealed in depth.In this paper,I used data statistics,literature research,cultural relics collection of traditional Chinese opera and other methods.It contains six chapters:"Geographical Distribution and Morphological Evolution of Song Dynasty","Song opera accompaniment band research","DAN(female characters)of Song Dynasty Zaju","The Influence of the Palace Feast on the Evolution of the Palace Drama in the Song Dynasty","From the Song Yunshao Department of dance to study the fusion of Daqu and Song Zaju"and"The Relationship between the Artists of the Song Dynasty and the Formation of the Southern Drama System".The significance of this study is as follows:to provide different periodization from the previous Zaju stage,identify the drama accompaniment function,prove that the zaju DAN comes from Daqu,textual dance in the drama and Daqu fusion role,and through the the word“??”reveals the southern opera creation and institutional origin and so on.The first chapter,based on the statistics of the existing Song Dynasty drama literature,you can find the Song Dynasty Zaju experienced three one-hundred-year development period: the Northern Song Dynasty Taizu to the Northern Song Dynasty Renzong(960-1063),Song Yingzong to the Southern Song Dynasty Gaozong(1064-1162),the Southern Song Dynasty Xiaozong to the Southern Song Dynasty Lizong(1163-1264).Henan Bianjing was the center of Early Song Dynasty,the development of physical movements,language gag were its performance characteristics.Mid-term Song opera traditional performance circle moved from Henan to Hangzhou,there have been five traditional play roles,accompaniment band also formed in this period.Later produced in Shanxi and Hangzhou,two drama circle,in the drama of the DAN also began to join in the play roles.Accompaniment band and the DAN join the Zaju completed the "song and dance to the story" of the dramatic turn.This article is devoted to the study of the origin of the Song Dynasty opera band and the DAN with two chapters.During the Northern Song Dynasty Zaju period for a long time is no band accompaniment.Until the late Northern Song Dynasty Henan Wenxian Xiguan Tombs and musicians unearthed,it confirms the existence of the Northern Song Dynasty opera band.Combined with the current unearthed cultural relics and historical materials,we can see that the role of the accompaniment band in the Northern Song Dynasty in Song Zaju is limited:it only performed in the beginning or engding of the performances of Northern Song Dynasty drama.To the Southern Song Dynasty,this situation has changed.In the Southern Song Dynasty,the accompaniment band sends th music in the performances beginings and endings.It may be performed with speech.Although the function of this point is no different from the Northern Song Dynasty drama,compared with the Northern Song Dynasty,accompaniment band interact more with the opera actors.And the band pays attention to match Zaju content and music style.Numerous opera unearthed cultural relics show,Song Zaju accompaniment band to percussion instruments and wind instruments based on the specific instrument,the??first,stick drum,?????and??the second.Song Zaju “DAN” originated in Daqu,said Xu Xiaoting,Liu Xiaoming,Li Guotao and other predecessors.Once DAN is on the stage,it shows the story of the female image,whether it is the men dress of woman,or the woman as.If the performance of the story has an important female image,then the stage should be there to appear DAN.Along with this idea,I made a paragraphs based on the book "Wulin Jiushi",which recorded 280 copies of palace Zaju,of having been verified out of the important female image of it.The data shows that Hequ Drama has the most of the performance of women images.It accounted for all the female image with 68% of the number of drama.As to the Hequ Drama,the Daqu has more female images in it,which accounted for all the female images in Hequ with 78%.All the data are pointing to the number of Daqu Drama series.It is obvious to see that Song Zaujan Dan is with a deep roots of it.The "song"(Dan)of "Song and dance performances" has been answered,then where is t "dance" from? Daqu dance gives the answer.Few scholars research from the Daqu dance angle to fine the answer of how Daqu and Zaju combined.The main reason of it is difficult to find a breakthrough.Yunshao Department provides such a research opportunity.Yunshao Department plays Daqu,but it was not equipped with dancers.So who would play Daqu dance? Through the historical materials and opera cultural relics,the Song Dynasty Zaju actors are the people who playing the main dance.Through the Daqu dance performances,there is a chance to coincide with the banter,story,song and dance in one.The small size and special staff nature of Yunshao Department offered it more stability and integration.This stability and integration Which in turn gave the Song Zaju(Banter)a certain amount of time to complete its evolution to Hequ Drama.This evolution may be gradually completed in the late Northern Song Dynasty.After discussing the internal causes of the evolution of the Song Dynasty,the external causes of its evolution should also be taken into account.Because the performance environment of the Song Dynasty drama has a considerable influence on its evolution.Song Dynasty drama inherited the Tang Dynasty.The court is one of its important performance place.The Song Dynasty palace feast specifications influence Song Dynasty opera performance system deep.The palace banquets will be divided into three kinds: Normal banquet,Foreign Ambassador feast and Granted feast.The Song Dynasty drama will considered in the three court feasts.The atmosphere of the Normal banquet is relaxing,has less restraint system.So Song Zaju often plays in a funny style in the Normal banquet.Foreign Ambassador feast embodies the national prestige.So it had a higher demand for the Song Zaju than the Normal feast,especially in its part of the word.The Granted feast has more etiquettes,stricter performance orderand more actors and actresses.Song Zaju Zaju turned from a simple funny satire to absorbing dance Daqu.This process certainly not happened overnight.It happened when the Zaju actors had mastered Daqu,dance,and writing the script in the backgroud of the Song palace feast.After the discussion of the two major factors of the change of the Song Zaju forms,the author analyzes the reasons for the rise of the Southern opera from the perspective of the human being(Court actor,especially the court Zaju actor).Through the discussion of“??”of"Zhangxie Champion",the author proved that the meaning of it was very likely to be the Song court actors and their descendants.Because Song Court actors were not only have the status of government officer,but also have the professional skills needed for the development of Wenzhou Zaju.And more importantly,the time of the Song court actors mass flew to market coincides with the time that South drama took place.Among these court actors,the Song Zaju actors had advantage in the numbers and skills.So the rise of the Southern drama has a far-reaching relationship with the Song court actors,especially the Song Zaju actors.Through the analysis of the geographical distribution of Song Zaju,we understood the opera band accompaniment function,and proved that the Zaju Dan came from Daqu Dan'er.Through the study of the dancer of Yunsha in Song Dynasty,the author explores the path of fusion of Song Zaju and Daqu.The size of Song Dynasty palace feast has an impact on the performance style and system of Song Zaju.Song court actors,especially the Zaju actors became the main player in the beginning of the Southern opera forming by virtue of their own advantages and mastery of the skills during the time that they lost their palace actor identities.The above research content is of great significance to the study of the Zaju form in the Song Dynasty.