| The butterfly family Pieridae include more than 1100 species in 85 genera of four subfamilies,distributed in various zoogeographical regions of the world.Among these,154 species belonging to 23 genera are recorded in China.The larvae are phytophagous,feeding mostly on the flowering plants and therefore many of the species are considered as the main pests in agricultureand forestry.In this study,we deal with the phylogeny based on molecular data and the fauna of Pieridae of China.It consists of four chapters: Chapterone is the literature review,the phylogenetic relationships of Pieridae and research history on Chinese fauna are outlined.Chapter two is on the phylogeny of Pieridae(Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)which includes the experimentalmethods and protocol,data processing,softwares for phylogenetic analyses and theresult.We reconstructed the evolutionary history based on four data sets(all code of four mitochondrial(COII,ND1,Cytb and 16 S rDNA)and three nucleargenes(28S rRNA(D2–D3),28 S rRNA(D8),EF-1?),seven genes excluding the 3rd codon positions of COII,ND1,Cytb,four mitochondrial genes and three nuclear genes)using Maximum likelihood(ML)and Bayesian inference(BI).Chapter three is on the phylogenetic relationship and taxonomic status of the genera Aporia and Mesapia.The phylogenetic relationships of genera Aporia and Mesapiais reconstructed based on partial sequences of the COI and EF-1? genes and analyzed with the maximum likelihood(ML)and Bayesian inference(BI)methods.Chapter four reports the fauna of Pieridae of China.The morphologic terminology follows the “Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium”(Chou,1998).All the tag specimens were identified by conventional methods.Photographs were made using Leica M205 A DFC with LAS V3.7.Images were produced using the software Synoptic Automontageand illustrated using a compound light microscope(Nikon SMZ-10).The major achievements of the studyinclude:(1)394 new DNA sequences of 8 genes covering 60 species of 20 genera of Pieridae were submitted to GenBank.(2)In mitochondrial genes,the content of A+T is more than G+C,andtransition is lower than transversion.However,in ribosomalgene sequences,the transition is higher than transversion.Gene sequence saturation analysis showed that the 7 genes didunsaturationwhereas the codons in the third position of COII?Cytb?ND1respectively did saturation in the mitochondrial genes.(3)Our results are congruent with recent studies and support the monophyly of three subfamilies,with Dismorphiinae sister to Coliadinae + Pierinae.(4)At the tribe level,our findings support the results of Wahlberg et al(2014),whodivided the subfamily Pierinae into six tribes.Relationships among the largest subfamily Pierinae are consistently recovered as follows: Leptosiaini +((Nepheroniini + Teracolini)+(Anthocharidini + Pierini)).(5)At the genus level,the relationship among five genera of Coliadinaeis presented as:Eurema +(Dercas +(Goneperyx +(Catopsilia + Colias))).Our finidngs confirm that the genus Mesapia should be synonymized under the Aporiaand therefore do not support any subdivisions of Aporia into subgenera or species groups.(6)Based on the Partitioned Bremer Support(PBS)values of the seven genes partitions at different taxonomic level in MP tree,the results reveal that in the mitochondrial genes,16 s rDNA and COII have strong phylogenetic signals from species level to subfamily level,ND1 only have strong phylogenetic signals in species level whereas,Cytb have strong phylogenetic signals from species level to tribe level.In ribosomalgenes,28 s rDNA(D2-D3),28 s rDNA(D8)and EF-1? all have strong phylogenetic signals from species level to subfamily level.(7)We identified 22 generaincluding106 Chinese species with a newly recorded species,and worked out a checklist of Chinese Pieridae,complemented the the species examined with their distribution data,provided 206 photographs of adults.The geographical distribution of 23 genera known in China is analyzed and 23 distribution maps of each genusare also provided. |
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