| This paper, taking Qian Sanqing, an internationally renowned scientist, one ofChina’s―two bombs and one satellite‖fathers, as its studying object, based on miningand making use of new historical data and existing literature, starts from theperspective of multiple roles of this scientific elite, and analyses Qian Sanqiang’schanges of his social roles and their functions in different historical periods, andreasons and impacts for this change as well.The value and significance of the multipleroles of the scientific elite naturally relate closely to his "exploits" in the reality. So"era-role-exploits–impact‖constitutes the logic of the analysis in this paper.Theproblem to be solved in this paper are:(1) to comb Qian Sanqiang’s historical processand historical lucky coincidences for his accomplishments;(2) to clarify the existingmisreading and misunderstanding about Qian Sanqiang;(3) to study the impact of histhought and practice on New China’s science and technology;(4) to explore therelationship between him and China’s science and technology system’s origin,development and evolution.Chapter I is named―the ritual formulator and music composer for new scientificsystem: Qian Sanqiang and the foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.‖This chapter mainly studies Qian Sanqiang’s role as one of the main founders of theChinese Academy of Sciences from the year1949to1956, when the ChineseAcademy of Sciences was initially founded.This study shows the following threepoints. First, Qian Sanqiang has actually drawn the blueprint for the development ofChinese Academy of Sciences.Second, Qian Sanqiang’s background of his staying inFrance and visiting the Soviet Union has marked a deep imprinting of the SovietUnion and the French model on the institutionalization of Chinese science, and thisscience and technology system combining of centralized management andindependent research meets the needs of the development of China at that time.Third,Qian Sanqiang’s experience in the leadership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences hasa direct significant impact on the future "two bombs" research. Later researchersmarvel at Qian Sanqiang’s deploying the forces skillfully in the "two bombs"scientific research while they do not know that the foundation was laid by QianSanqiang in the early1950s. Chapter II is―strategic scientist in the great science project: Qian Sanqiang’srole in China’s nuclear energy career.‖This chapter starts with combing the academichistory when the controversial on "Father of the Atomic Bomb" happened, thencontinues exploring Qian Sanqiang’s special role in opening up a new cause of ChinaAtomic Energy and the Two Bombs R&D.This chapter systematically analyses thehistorical background, causes and its formation mechanism, under which he was ableto play a special role, and then explores ways and means for the scientific elites toplay a role in the era of Big Science, and explores many theoretical issues as theWestern model v.s. Chinese characteristics as well.This study shows that QianSanqiang ranks the pioneer, the founder and the leader of the cause of the New ChinaAtomic Energy, and the great figure in developing the two bombs. In this sense, theauthor believes that Qian Sanqiang is well deserved the title Father of the AtomicBomb. Qian Sanqiang’s remarkable experience in this historical period and theevaluation by the successive researchers has stimulated an academic discussion, thatis, how to correctly understand and evaluate the pioneer for scientific career and thegreat figure in big science project.Chapter III. is―the science and technology leaders in the new era: QianSanqiang and the reform and development of the cause of science and technology‖.This chapter systematically combs Qian Sanqiang’s scientific activities after the"Cultural Revolution " which few scholars have discussed about till now. It alsostudies Qian Sanqiang’s role and impact of the reform and development of theChinese Academy of science and even China’s Technology cause. It discusses thetheoretical issues such as the interaction of the scientists and technology policy, thevalues and limitations of the multiple roles of the scientific elites.This study showsthat Qian Sanqiang is the leader of the cause of science and technology in China afterthe Cultural Revolution, and he has acted as the national science adviser, who hasplayed an important role in the process of promoting the reform and development ofChina’s scientific and technological undertakings. It can be seen as the inevitablerequirement of the time that he has become enthusiastic about the soft science in hislater years, for he has done this both out of his personal interest and to meet the urgentneed for the development of Chinese scientific community and the development of thestandard scientific system.Chapter IV., titled―scientists’ thinking of modern science and technology: Qian Sanqiang’s reflections on China’s scientific and technological modernization "interprets Qian Sanqiang from the perspective of the thinker and the intellectualhistory. This study shows that in the process of China style technology development,the opinions and suggestions of the scientific elites often decide the nationalpolicy-making, and their thoughts often echo with and interpret the nationalmacro-technology strategy, and influence the specific policy practice as well. QianSanqiang’s thinking on technology typically illustrate this point, thus his thinking onscience and technology is an important part of the Chinese Thought on Science andTechnology with Chinese characteristics. Qian Sanqiang’s modern technologicalthinking has a global nature, forward-looking, practical relevance, and intermediarycharacteristics. The interpretation of Qian Sanqiang’s thinking of modern science andtechnology, in fact, is the interpretation of the course of the development of thescience and technology in new China. Qian Sanqiang’s thinking of modern scienceand technology also embodies the scientific spirit of opening. Qian Sanqiang’sthinking does not contain the unidirectional learning from abroad if withoutself-reflection which has great significance to today’s China.Chapter V.,―the feelings of the scientists about the History of Science: QianSanqiang and the History of Science and Technology‖is devoted to Qian Sanqiang’saccomplishments in the field of the History of Science and Technology and hiscontribution to the History of Science and Technology disciplines.Through research,we find that Qian Sanqiang has directly participated in the important cause of theHistory of Science and Technology in China, which can be seen as the unique aspectsof Qian Sanqiang’s scientific contributions.Chapter VI. is the conclusion part, containing the theoretical thinking andsublimation of the main object of this study. It explores the historical legitimacy ofQian Sanqiang’s multiple roles, and reflects the contemporary scientific elite abuse,from the perspective of the values and limitations of the multiple roles of the scientificelite. It also discusses the special significance of the distinguished scientists casesrepresented by Qian Sanqiang from the perspective of the scientists and the origins ofcontemporary China’s science and technology system.Summarizing Qian Sanqiang’s lifetime exploits, we can find out that in differenthistorical periods, Qian Sanqiang has played different roles, and each role has laid adeep imprint in China’s modern history of technological development.First, Qian Sanqiang undertook the designing of the scientific system when the PRC was newlyfounded;Second, Qian Sanqiang served as the role of pioneer and founder of NewChina’s development of atomic energy;Third, Qian Sanqiang played a special part inthe cause of the "two bombs": he is the central government staff and assistant to thesuperior; he has the insight to identify the talents out of the scientists; he has not onlyfound out the problems, but also solved them leading the scientific and technicalpersonnel.Fourth, Qian Sanqiang in the new era of reform and opening up has servedthe cause of science and technology as a leader and the national science andtechnology as an adviser. Fifth, Qian Sanqiang has acted as the important creator,initiator and advocator in the development of China’s Soft Science. Sixth, QianSanqiang can be regarded as not only a distinguished practitioners, but also athinker of high level.The distinguishing feature of the multiple roles of Qian Sanqiang aresummarized to be "one-wide and one-narrow.‖The―wide‖refers to the wide range ofthe field where Qian Sanqiang has been involved in. The―narrow‖means he has onlyparticipated in but also spoken for the scientific and technological field. Such spirit isvery commendable. The historical reasons for Qian Sanqiang’s playing multiple rolesare summarized to be his political belief and time requirements which are the mostimportant factors, in addition to his own qualities and abilities. Before the "CulturalRevolution", Qian Sanqiang’s life course can be summarized as―successful due topolitics, and failed also due to politics ".After the "Cultural Revolution", QianSanqiang he went through long-suffering without regret, and remained committed tocontribute to the cause of national science and technology, and embarked on animportant leadership positions of the national science and technology building,receiving new life and vigor. Reflecting on the value and limitations of QianSanqiang’s multiple roles, the author finds that the multiplicity has its inevitability ofhistory, which has undergone some kind of metamorphosis with the time goes by incontemporary China, marked by abuse of the role of scientific elites.Through detailed in-depth study on the relationship between Qian Sanqiang andChina’s science and technology, it can be found that in New China the policy-makingprocess is actually the coordination and communication between the CPCdecision-making leadership with their implementing agencies and the scientists. Inthis process, the scientists, in order to embody their own values and to achieve their powerful country dream, submit their own understanding and suggestion of sciencevia the Party organizations and finally those ideas were applied to science andtechnology decision-making or management by the Party. This can be seen as―crossing the river by feeling the stones‖in New China, which is an importantexperience for the development of self-reliance scientific and technologicalundertakings, where an important feature of Chinese-style science and technologymodel originated..Therefore, it is far from enough to study China’s science andtechnology system and policy through a simple interpretation of the documents andpolicies of the Party. On the country, we must go deep into the depths of history,enquire how the policies have been made and how the dice game has been played byall forces. Only in this way, our understanding of the origin of New China’s scienceand technology system can be more profound.It shows in the research of Qian Sanqiang’s scientific contributions and activitiesafter the "Cultural Revolution" that under the background of reforming and openingup and of taking economic construction as the center task, the country’s construction,just as in the1950s, is in urgent need of a large number of scientific and technologicalpioneers and management talents. The older generation of scientists who have madegreat contributions to the development of the country before the "CulturalRevolution" again emerge from backstage in need of the country, and undertake theimportant task of leading and organizing science and technology, and, more, evenafter retirement, they still use their influence to directly communicate with the CPCsenior for the system reforming and development of science and technology. In otherwords, the regeneration of China’s science and technology system is closelyrelated to them.Therefore, the generation of scientific elite represented by QianSanqiang have not only been directly involved in the early construction of New Chinascience and technology system, but also been directly involved in the leadership of theregeneration of the science and technology system after the reform and opening up.As a result, China’s science and technology system has been branded by them.Overall, the author has made many oral interviews on Qian Sanqiang’s lifestories and technological achievements&contributions, and acquired large quantitiesof oral historical data. On the above basis, the author, in combination with archivesmaterial and other document historical data, has conducted systematic analysis onQian Sanqiang’s multiple roles and technological achievements and defined his historical status. Through the analysis of Qian Sanqiang’s technological thoughts,made up the blank of the existing research within academic cycle, enabling people toknow Qian Sanqiang comprehensively and in-depth. Through the analysis of QianSanqiang’s scientific activities, explained the complex relations between QianSanqiang and the development of China’s technological undertakings. In light of QianSanqiang’s activities, found out some key factors for the establishment of newChina’s technological system and put forward different views on the existing researchof academic cycle. Through the analysis of Qian Sanqiang’s social activities, made upsome lost links in the establishment of some soft science disciplines, such asscienology and history of science and technology in existing researches, thus enablingthe improvement of development history of these disciplines. Through case study onQian Sanqiang, put forward the universal-meaning thesis of social role transmissionof outstanding scientists, analyzed the social reasonability and change of thephenomenon. Therefore, we saw the special significance to analyze outstandingscientists of older generations: in order to understand China’s technologicalmanagement system further, it may be a reasonable way to analyze outstandingscientists first. |
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