Optimization Of Land-use Structure Based On Biodiversity Conservation

Land is the survival of human space, and is the important resources in the human social production, and is the carrier of all kinds of complex ecosystems on the planet and the production of the habitats and species. As the population grows, urbanization process moves forward, human on land exploitation and utilization develops, the contradiction between the land use system and ecology system is highlighted. Under the background of population resources and environment sustainable development, how to make limited resources in time and space on earth is the most reasonable and in most effective combination or configuration, balancing social, economic and ecological benefits, becomes the current research frontier and hot spots.Located in the western part of Hainan province, LeDong County is in the high terrain north south low, near to the sea. Total length is84.3km; geomorphic types are mountains, hills, plains. LeDong County is in subtropical maritime monsoon climate, and there are most abundant animal and plant resources in Hainan province, the JianFengLin nature reserve almost have all the vegetation types of the world. LeDong County as one of China biodiversity conservation hot spots, biodiversity protection is not only the importance of a global sense, but also significant to the region economic development and cultural protection.。 Based on literature analysis, related research at home and abroad on biodiversity conservation in the process of land use mainly concentrated on land use in the small scale or management of the influence of biological diversity, or through constructing landscape security pattern to biodiversity conservation, etc., but still not form system and complete theory and method system. But the land use spatial pattern influencing regional ecological progress has reached a consensus, such as migrating animals, surface water runoff, erosion, species diversity, as well as the interference or the spread of the problem or edge effects. Therefore this research takes the concept of biodiversity conservation into the land use structure optimization, and forms the theoretical and empirical studies. The results of the study are:(1) The relationship between the land use system and biodiversity protection Based on the research of domestic and foreign literature, this research analysis systematically effects on biodiversity of the current farmland protection policy, urban expansion, land management and tourism land for development. Modern highly intensive agricultural production mode, the urbanization process of central plains habitat fragmentation and pollution, unreasonable land consolidation planning and tourism infrastructure construction and tourist overload are major causes of endangered species; And this research summarized from two aspects the limitation of land use activities to biodiversity, on the one hand, features and spatial distribution of biodiversity itself limits land use and spatial pattern, on the other hand, the development of biology diversity protection also limit land use under certain restrictions. Both influence each other and depend on each other, is a kind of nonlinear relationship and a coupling relationship.Based on the above analysis, this research explores relationship between land use system and biodiversity conservation through system theory and dissipative structure theory. Research puts forward that land use activities must be in the threshold of ecological system, once beyond the threshold, the land use subsystem will bring about an irreversible impact on biodiversity, even making the composite system in damaging stage. At the same time, with the improvement of industrialization degree and the social and economic development in stable speed, human beings began to realize the importance of biodiversity protection, biological resource constraints on the strength of land use will gradually reflect.(2) Biodiversity conservation-Sustainable land use optimization designPut forward to implementing the biodiversity conservation-sustainable land use optimization design in the adjustment of land use quantity structure and space layout. Adjusting land-use structure rational allocation of land resources by means of increasing the ecological land in land use types, reducing the land use type conversion frequency, Keeping a certain percentage of low intensive agriculture and optimizing the structure of cities internal land use. Land use spatial layout is reference to the principle of landscape ecology, build "patch-gallery-matrix" landscape pattern to implementation the biodiversity conservation and sustainable land use.(3)Dynamic analysis of land use and land coverSpatial analand temporal evolution with the land use data of1996,2008from quantitative structure,space layout and landscape pattern analysis.The results showed that:1) From1996to2008, cultivated land, forest land and waters are a downward trend, among them,the forest land decilines in the fastest, garden land and construction land are on the rise; Variations in land use structure in1996-2008is larger,cultivated land, garden land, forest land, construction land and waters in land use change degree and degree of annual variation is greater than1996-2002;From1996to2008, the change rate of garden land, construction land is a growing trend, and the change rate of other types of land use decreases. The dynamic change rate of land use from2002to2008is greater than the former stage (1996-2002);2) Cultivated land mainly distributed in Florida coastal plains and river plain and inland basin in space layout, cultivated land was decreasing from1996to2008;Garden land has increased significantly, mainly in high slope of inland mountainous area,and developed fromy the original scattered to concentrated distribution;Forest land are mainly composed of forestland and shrub forest, and distributies in the north and east of studied area in the form of a nature reserve.3)From1996to2008, The patch number of all land use types in the study area has increased, the forest land patch area ratio is on the decline; Cultivated land, the density of garden land and forest land patch is bigger and shows a rising state from1996to2008. The largest patch index of forests land is falling between1996and2008, the largest patch index of cultivated land and garden land is on the rise; Agglomeration degrees index and landscape diversification degree is higher in the study area, edge types of landscape units is gradually reduced, and the distribution is not uniform.(4) Biodiversity situation evaluationSystem to describe four valuation factors of the study area,which are species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity and landscape diversity,AHP to determine weights of evaluation factors, with100m*100m evaluation units, adopting weighted stack(method to obtaining the biodiversity richness index in the study area,In ARCGIS using standard equation taxonomy,research region is divided into five grades and partition protection countermeasures are put forward.The results showed that:Extremely rich biodiversity covers an area of54878hectares, accounting for about19.86%of the total area,A patchy distribution in JianFenglin national nature reserve in northern and JiaXi provincial nature reserve, KaFa forest farm in eastern and the parts of coastal.Ecosystem types mainly include tropical montane elfin forest, evergreen monsoon forest, tropical rainforest valleys, ecological structure is complex and little influenced by human activities,which is consistent with the distribution of National level and state-level two key protected animals and plants concentrated area.Landscape unit complete degree is high, the landscape type is single,and anti-interference ability is poor, once damaged, it is difficult to recover. Original natural vegetation should be maintainined in Land use planning, human development and utilization should be prohibited.(5) Delineation of ecological landIt was based on "landscape security pattern" theory, with the aid of the GIS space data processing technology, adopting the minimum cumulative resistance model and cost surface model.And with plaque area more than100hectares of waters, rivers, covers an area of more than800hectares of forest as" source ", Selecting the biodiversity richness partition, landscape value of ecosystem services, elevation and height for the drag factor,establishs the resistance surface. It was used the standard equation taxonomy, classified the cost distance of least resistance and builds landscape functions partition.The results showed that:Source is the core protected area, Ⅰ area is ecological buffer zone, Ⅱ area, Ⅲ area is ecological transition zone, Ⅳ area is ecological isolation zone, Ⅴarea is farming and human production and living areas. Comprehensive consideration of land use status, distribution of biodiversity and ecological significance of the ecological function areas, the core protection area and ecological buffer zone are divided into ecological land. In addition, on the basis of field survey, the coastal protection forest close to the coastal zone is supplement for ecological land with200m range.(6)The establishment of land use transition matrixesLand use status data of1996and2008is adopted in the research. Based on the platform of IDRISI, land use transition matrixes were established using Markov model. The results shows that:In the past12years, about20.2%of the cultivated land transformed into garden plot,6.5%to woodland and about4.16%of the cultivated land are occupied by the construction land. The cultivated land was recharged by occupying other land types and waters. Garden mainly converted to woodland and cultivated land, and its supplying land use types were woodland and other land. Woodland mainly transformed to the garden plot, its supplying land use types were other land and garden plot. Other land mainly converted to the cultivated land, garden plot and woodland and there were also some cultivated land and garden plot turning to other land. Construction land mainly transformed to the garden and cultivated land, its supplying land use types were cultivated land and waters. The Water mainly converted to cultivated land and garden plot, its outflow area exceeded its supply amount. The amount of land transformed into waters was little. During1996and2008, the outflow of cultivated land outweighed its inflow amount. We should undertake strictly control of cultivated land, especially the transformation trend of cultivated land to construction land. In this article, the transfer matrix of land use from1996to2008was modified and the prediction matrix of land use from2009to2020was established.(7) land suitability decision-makingIn order to evaluate the land suitability of cultivated land, garden plot and woodland, seven evaluation factors were selected from five aspects, they were agricultural land natural quality, location conditions, water treatment facilities, the radiation influence from towns and villages and ecological security. Then applying the analytic hierarchy process (Ahp) method to calculate weighted for each factor. Besides, ideal point method was also used to sort land quality for each land use type. Basing on the frontal several steps, the land suitability evaluation results of cultivated land, garden plot and woodland were acquired. Land suitability of construction land was evaluated using the binary method. The construction land planed by the following plans,for example, the urban planning, tourism planning, and other industry plans were set by one artificially. Land suitability evaluation of waters and other land used the predicted suitability atlas of Markov model. The suitability atlas was made basing on the Collection Editor module.(8) land use structure optimizationIn the CA-MarKov model, land use structure of2020was predicted by the following steps: take the land use status data of2008as annual base period, use the land use transition matrixes as an quantity constraint condition to decide whether one land use type should convert to another or not. The land suitability atlas was also adopted to define the spatial pattern transformation rules of land use types. Set the cycle number by12. By overlaying the prediction of land use structure in2020and the ecological planning results, the2020land use structure optimal allocation map was operated. The results showed that:a) compared with2008, the area of construction land, cultivated land waters and other land slightly increased. The proportion of woodland in ecological land reached83%. b) The spatial distribution of those land use types turned more concentrated and scale than that of2008. c) Patch density (PD) in2020decreased and the degree of landscape diversity improved. Land use types turned more abundant than2008. In addition, the landscape fragmentation index declined, which reflected that the adjustment of land use structure can reduce the interference to landscape pattern from human beings.d) The delimitated ecological land almost covered all significant biodiversity distribution area, such as the habitats for the important animals/plants and precious species. Most woodland of the ecological land are natural forest, they have lower degree of landscape fragmentation with less human interference, so the protection of natural environment is better. They are important religion for biodiversity distribution, thus the land conflict in this area is less. In addition, water accounts for about3%of ecological land, they are ideal native home, habitat, migration places for all kinds of wild animals and plants, and they have significant eco-values. This kind of land use type also meet with little land conflict with other land types. Among all the land use types, cultivated land, garden, construction land and other land have larger effects on biodiversity conservation, but their proportion in ecological land is low, so their adverse effects on biodiversity conservation are relatively small. Increasing ecological land in land use structure and establishing related conservation regulation have profound significance in coordinating land use and biodiversity conservation.