Observe The Mass Uprisings From The New Deal Reform In The Late Qing

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, mass uprisings took place frequently. Do these frequent uprisings just declare publicly the destruction of the Qing Dynasty, or do these contain some other meanings? There share a lot of similarities between these mass uprisings in the end of Qing Dynasty and those in the history. In terms of these inspiring reasons of these mass uprisings, there are several similar reasons such as official tyranny, lack of food caused by natural disasters, etc; in terms of these mass uprisings types, there also presents a similarity, such as refusing to pay taxes, seising grain and so on. However, these mass uprisings in the late Qing Dynasty also have a lot of differences from traditional ones, such as more complex stimulating reasons, more diverse rebellion forms and so on. The New Deal Reform in the late Qing Dynasty is one of these many factors causing uprisings in the late Qing Dynasty different from traditional ones. The New Deal Reform not only is the important reason of rebellions in the late Qing Dynasty, giving rise to a new form of popular revolt (e.g., destroyed schools), but also makes the connotation of uprisings changed. Though mass uprisings in the late Qing Dynasty still have the connotation of the traditional social public revolting against these blackmails of officials and protecting their rights and interests, they have the new connotation that the traditional society objects to the transformation into the modernization one led by the government.After the boxer battle in the late Qing Dynasty, the traditional government had to deal with the external pressure. To deal with the pressure, the goverment launched the New Deal Reform. The Reform’s core content is learning from the west, transforming of the state and the society from traditional to modern. This paper argues that the New Deal Reform became actuation factor of rebellions in the late Qing Dynasty, and made them have the connotation different from these traditional rebellions.As the foreign capitalism with state’s force invaded China after the First Opium War, the traditional nation had to face more and more serious crises. On the other hand, due to large amount inputs of foreign industrial products and the bankruptcy of the Chinese traditional craftsmen, social livelihood of the people had become increasingly embarrassing. The New Reform that the state coped with these crises is identified as the reform of the national orientation. It ignored the pressing embarrassment of the livelihood of the people when they designed these policies. The advancement of the Reform compelled the goverment to absorb more social resources. These intensified the embarrassment of the livelihood of the people. When these encountered natural and man-made disasters, it would trigger a crisis of the people’s livelihood. The rice riot is a way that the civil society took to deal with the crisis in the late Qing Dynasty.One content of the Reform is the state-building, which compels the traditional state to expand its traditional state finances. The state’s fiscal expansion has broken the traditional form on the boundaries between the state and society. Because of the traditional national system lack of effective communication mechanism between the state and society, it is difficult to make a compromise to reach a consensus about the fiscal expansion issues between the state and society. Traditional state’s fiscal expansion is largely depended on the state administrative power. Social members fought against the country’s fiscal expansion to maintain their traditional economic interests. This is a type of mass uprisings caused by the state-building. The increasing state construction led to excessively absorbing social resources. Social members launched fierce resistance against the state to prevent state’s absorbing. This is another type of rebellions caused by state-building.The backward of economic structure accounted for the tradition nation’s fundamental backward. Promoting economic development was the important content of the New Deal Reform in the late Qing Dynasty. The state wanted to promote their economic structure to transform to the modern one. The state had changed its traditional economic policies, and taken many useful measures to promote economic development. State-building and modern economy development requires knowledge from modern talents. The goverment realized that it could enhance the strength of the whole nation to improve the quality of the citizens. And education is an effective method to improve the quality of its citizens. Thus, the establishment of schools is an important content of the New Deal Reform. To promote the development of modern economy and the new education, the state must resolve one biggest problem that is how to raise large sums of funds. The development of modern industry needs to accumulate primitive capital. The establishment of education also requires huge amounts of money. In order to raise funds, the state adopted the means that acquired resources from the civil society. These measures are constantly changing the boundaries and the relationship between state and society. As a result, the state had suffered from a series of resistance initiated by the civil society.The traditional state largely depended on the local gentleman to implement the New Deal Reform. This is due to the defective structure of the traditional government, the important position possessed by the gentleman in local society and the social function possessed by the gentleman to communicate between the state and the people. Participation of gentlemen in the New Deal led to two consequences. One is that the power of the gentleman expanded. The other is that the gentleman put the pursuit of their interests as an important goal. The participation in the New Deal made a gentleman gradually incorporate into the state’s power system. The traditional power distribution pattern is broken. The gentleman gradually lost their ability to serve as a medium between the state and society. Pursuiting profits made the gentleman no longer on behalf of the interests of the local society. They even became a raider of the interests of the society. These changes led to the conflict between gentleman and people. This conflict became an important cause of rebellions in the late Qing Dynasty.The implementation process of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty is a process that the state is changing the traditional form of the relationship between state and society. It is also a process that the state is constantly breaking the original social power distribution structure. As the state absorb resource and infiltrate into the society, the people continue to rebel the state. Therefore, the process must be a process with frequent uprisings. The state, as a political representative of the national, establishes the interests and power relationship in the process of the constantly interacting with the society. This process will be a long process. Although the Qing Government was overthrown, the successor will continue this process until a new stable relationship of interests and power relations is formed between the state and society.