| PART I ASSOCIATION OF SLEEP DURATION WITH THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN MALE CHINESE ADULTSObjective This study aimed to explore the potential association of sleep duration with the prevalence of hypertension in male Chinese adults.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kailuan Community which was located in Tangshan city, Hebei province from September 2013 to December 2013.4144 male Chinese adults were selected randomly from four sub-communities of the Kailuan Community. All participants were administered to anthroposomatologic measurement, blood test and a standard questionnaire survey. Sleep duration was defined as the average of the actual sleep time in the past month and the participants were reminded that the awaking time on bed was not included in sleep duration. In the current study, sleep duration was classified as<6 hours (h), 6h,7h,8h and> 8h. Hypertension was defined as a previous diagnosis of hypertension or the average systolic blood pressure≥140mmHg and (or) the average diastolic blood pressure≥90mmH. The potential association of sleep duration with hypertension prevalence was analyzed with the univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Results The numbers of participants with sleep duration of<6h,6h,7h, 8h and>8h were 356(8.6%),1021(24.6%),1446(34.9%),1082(26.1%) and 239(5.8%), respectively. The prevalence of hypertension in participants with <6h,6h,7h,8h and>8h was 40.4%,29.5%,26.8%,23.2% and 25.1%, respectively (P＜0.05). After adjustment of the confounding factors, with sleep duration of 8 h as the reference group, the multivariate logistic regression shown that the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of sleep duration of<6h,6h and 7h for hypertension were 1.22(1.02-1.47) (P＜0.05),1.39(1.14-1.69) (P＜0.05) and 2.41(1.85-3.18) (P＜0.05), respectively. But>8h sleep duration failed to achieve a statistical significance with the OR value (95%CI) of 0.84(0.61-1.17) (P>0.05). In the similar analysis conducted in participants≤60 years old, the OR values (95% CI) of sleep duration of<6h,6h,7h,8h and>8h for hypertension were 1.28 (1.05-1.57) (P＜0.05),1.44 (1.13-1.80) (P<0.05),2.55(1.84-3.53) (P<0.05) and 1.41(0.96-2.06) (P>0.05), respectively. By contrast, the OR values (95% CI) of sleep duration of<6h,6h,7h,8h and>8h for hypertension were 1.40(1.09-1.78) (P＜0.05),1.58(1.23-2.04) (P＜0.05),2.21(1.41-3.47) (P＜0.05) and 1.38(0.72-2.67) (P>0.05) in participants>60 years old.Conclusion Short sleep duration instead of long sleep duration is associated with the prevalence of hypertension in male Chinese adults and this association does not varies by age.PART Ⅱ ASSOCIATION OF SLEEP QUALITY WITH THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN MALE CHINESE ADULTSObjective This study aimed to explore the potential association of sleep quality with the prevalence of hypertension in male Chinese adults.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kailuan Community which was located in Tangshan city, Hebei province from September 2013 to December 2013.4144 male Chinese adults were selected randomly from four sub-communities of the Kailuan Community. All participants were administered to anthroposomatologic measurement, blood test and a standard questionnaire survey. Sleep quality was evaluated with the Chinese version Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). According to the total score of PSQI, sleep quality was categorized into very good(PSQI score<3), good(3≤PSQI score< 6), poor(6≤PSQI score< 9) and very poor(PSQI score≥9). Hypertension was defined as a previous diagnosis of hypertension or the average systolic blood pressure≥140mmHg and (or) the average diastolic blood pressure≥90mmH in the current study. The potential association of sleep quality with hypertension prevalence was analyzed with the univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Results The numbers of participants with sleep quality of very good, good, poor and very poor were 2369(57.2%),1146(27.7%),468(11.3%) and 191(4.6%), respectively. The prevalence of hypertension in participants with sleep quality of very good, good, poor and very poor was 25.0%,27.9%, 33.3% and 44.0%, respectively (P＜0.05). After adjustment of the confounding factors, with sleep quality of very good as the reference group,the multivariate logistic regression shown that the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of sleep quality of good, poor and very poor for hypertension were 1.15(1.08-1.23) (P＜0.05),1.66(1.32-2.09) (P＜0.05) and 2.30(1.68-3.17) (P＜0.05), respectively. In the similar analysis conducted in participants≤60 years old, the OR values (95% CI) of sleep quality of very good, good, poor and very poor for hypertension were 1.07(0.81-1.41) (P>0.05),1.60(1.07-2.37) (P＜0.05) and 1.89(1.77-3.35) (P＜0.05), respectively. By contrast, the OR values (95% CI) of sleep quality of very good, good, poor and very poor for hypertension were 1.25(1.02-1.53) (P＜0.05),1.73(1.32-2.29) (P＜0.05) and 2.72(1.84-4.02) (P<0.05) in participants>60 years old.Conclusion Poor sleep quality is associated with the prevalence of hypertension in male Chinese adults and this association does not varies by age.PART III ASSOCIATION OF COMBINED SLEEP DURATION AND SLEEP QUALITY WITH THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN MALE CHINESE ADULTSObjective This study aimed to explore the potential association of combined sleep duration and sleep quality with the prevalence of hypertension in male Chinese adults.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kailuan Community which was located in Tangshan city, Hebei province from September 2013 to December 2013.4144 male Chinese adults were selected randomly from four sub-communities of the Kailuan Community. All participants were administered to anthroposomatologic measurement, blood test and a standard questionnaire survey. Sleep duration was defined as the average of the actual sleep time in the past month and the participants were reminded that the awaking time on bed was not included in the sleep duration. In the current study, sleep duration was classified as<6 hours (h), 6h,7h,8h and>8h. But participants with sleep duration of>8h were not included in the final analysis due to the limited sample size. Sleep quality was evaluated with the Chinese version Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). According to the total score of PSQI, sleep quality was categorized into very good(PSQI score<3), good(3≤PSQI score<6), poor(6≤PSQI score <9) and very poor(PSQI score≥9). Hypertension was defined as a previous diagnosis of hypertension or the average systolic blood pressure≥140mmHg and (or) the average diastolic blood pressure≥90mmH in the current study. The potential association of combined sleep duration and sleep quality with hypertension was analyzed with the univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Results An obvious downtrend with a statistical significance was observed when sleep duration varied from 8 hours to<6h (69.8%,58.2%, 47.4% and 34.1%, P<0.05). And an obvious uptrend of hypertension prevalence was observed with sleep duration getting shorter and sleep quality getting worse (P＜0.05). After adjustment of the confounding factors, with participants with sleep duration of 8h and sleep quality of very good as the reference group, the multivariate logistic regression shown that sleep quality was not associated with the prevalence of hypertension in male Chinese adults with sleep duration of 8h; in those participants with sleep duration of 7 h, only those with sleep quality of "poor or very poor" (a combined group) was found to be associated with the hypertension prevalence with the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 1.68(1.13-2.51) (P＜0.05); in those participants with sleep duration of 7 h, sleep quality of good and "poor or very poor" were both associated with hypertension prevalence and the OR values(95%CI) for them were 1.53(1.10-2.13) (P＜0.05) and 2.40(1.65-3.49) (P＜0.05); by contrast, each sleep quality classification was associated with the prevalence of hypertension in participants with<6h sleep duration [OR (95%): 2.27(1.46-3.53) (P＜0.05) for very good; 2.54(1.60-4.04) (P＜0.05) for good; 3.42(2.21-5.30) (P＜0.05) for "poor or very poor"].Conclusion Shorter sleep duration indicates a higher prevalence of poor sleep quality in male Chinese adults. An additive association can be found between combined sleep duration and quality and the prevalence of hypertension. |
