A Research On The Development And Utilization Of The Agricultural Residues As New Sources Energy In China

There are large amounts of agricultural residue which are widely distributed. However, if it is not reasonably handled and utilized, it will be not only a waste of resources, but will also cause serious pollution to the environment. Rational development and utilization of agricultural residue will contribute to the harmonious development for man and nature. It will not only reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution, but will also improve the ecological environment in rural areas, improve the quality of life of farmers, and in line with the concept of scientific development and the circular economy. It is of great practical significance to comprehensively promote the construction of new socialist countryside and promote sustainable agricultural development. Finding out the real situation of agricultural residue for resources and development potential, and studying the scientific use and evaluation on suitability of the agricultural residue utilization for new energy resources will be an important basic work for efficient exploitation of agricultural residue for resources, and help break the bottleneck for the energy development. This study makes an analysis and discussion on the amounts of agricultural residue for resources(which in this study, refers to crop straw, livestock and poultry manure, and forest residues) and the regional distribution, available amount of agricultural residue for new energy resources and the regional distribution, maturity of technology on agricultural residue for new energy utilization and suitability of resources and other issues. It also makes analysis of key technologies on agricultural residue for new energy development and utilization, economic policy bottlenecks, and proposes appropriate countermeasures and suggestionsResearch shows that the country’s total agricultural residue in 2013 was 1,747,477,800 tons, of which crop straw was 992,929,800 tons, accounting for 56.82%; livestock and poultry manure was 451,708,000 tons, accounting for 25.85%; forest residues were 302,840,000 tons, accounting for 17.33%. Of the total amount of agricultural residue, Henan reached 149,134,200 tons, the highest among provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions) in the country. Shandong, Sichuan and Heilongjiang each reached more than 100 million tons; Guangxi, Hebei and Yunnan each reached 80-100 million tons; Tibet, Hainan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Tianjin, Beijing and Shanghai each reached below 20 million tons. By GE matrix(General Electric, GE) Evaluation Method, 9 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions) are classified for high abundance of agricultural residue, including Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hebei, Hubei, Guangxi, Hunan and Niaoning; 10 provinces(autonomous regions) are classified for general abundance of agricultural residue, including Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Neimenggu, Jilin, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hainan, Tianjin and Chongqing; 12 provinces(autonomous regions) belong to low abundance region including Xinjiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Zhejiang, Beijing, Guizhou, Shanxi, Ningxia, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet.In 2013 the total amount of agricultural residue available for new energy utilization in the country was 538,364,800 tons, of which the amount of crop straw available for new energy utilization was 348,874,300 tons, accounting for 64.80%; the amount of livestock and poultry manure available for new energy utilization was 104,148,000 tons, accounting for 19.35%; and the amount of forest residues available for new energy utilization was 85,342,500 tons, accounting for 15.85%. Of the total amount of agricultural residue available for new energy utilization, Heilongjiang reached 47,157,900 tons, the highest among provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions) in the country. Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Shandong each reached 30-40 million tons; Hunan, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Hebei each reached 20-30 million tons; Jilin, Liaoning, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Chongqing, Xinjiang each reached 10-20 million tons; Shaanxi, Fujian, Gansu, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Hainan, Tibet, Qinghai, Tianjin, Ningxia, Beijing, Shanghai each reached below 10 million tons. 10 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions) are rated with higher abundance of agricultural residue available for new energy utilization including Jiangsu, Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Hubei, Guangxi, Hunan, Hebei, Heilongjiang and Chongqing; 9 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions) are rated with general abundance of agricultural residue available for new energy including Yunnan, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jiangxi, Jilin, Guangdong, Tianjin, Hainan; 12 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions) are rated with lower abundance of agricultural residue available for new energy including Zhejiang, Fujian, Beijing, Shanghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Guizhou and Xinjiang.Appropriateness of various types of agricultural residue is classified into five levels: appropriate(S0), fairly appropriate(S1), conditions are suitable(S2), inappropriate with constraint(N1), inappropriate(N2). On comprehensive utilization, crop straw suitable for use in feed includes corn stalks, soybean stalks, sweet potato vine, peanut vine, sunflower stalks(heads), beet vine, cabbage and leafy vegetable residues, fruit vegetable vine; crop straw suitable for energy utilization includes corn cobs, rice hulls, potato vine, sweet potato vine, peanut vine, rape straw, sunflower stalks(heads), cotton stalks, tobacco stalks, hemp stalks, bagasse, sugar beet vine, solanaceous fruit vegetable stalks, cabbage and leafy vegetables residues, fruit vegetable vine; crop straw suitable for base material utilization includes corn cobs, sunflower stalks(heads), cotton stalk and bagasse. Suitability for livestock and poultry manure is evaluated which mainly includes pig, cow, sheep and chicken manure. These types of manure are all suitable for fertilizer, biogas energy and base material applications. Wood forest residues are suitable for energy, base material and raw material utilization while twigs, branches and leaves are appropriate for feed and fertilizer utilization. On "solidification, carbonization and gasification and power" for new energy utilization, crop straw suitable for solidification, carbonization and gasification includes corn cobs, rice hulls, rape straw, sunflower stalks(heads), cotton stalks, tobacco stalk, hemp stalk, bagasse, sugarcane leaf tip; crop straw suitable for power production include corn cob, rice hulls, rape straw, sunflower stalk(head), cotton stalks, tobacco stalk, stalk, and bagasse; crop straw suitable for biogas include potato vine, sweet potato vine, peanut vine, beet vine, solanaceous vegetable stalks, cabbage and leafy vegetables residues, fruit vegetable vine. Wood forest residues are appropriate for solidification, carbonization, gasification and power production.Agricultural residue for new energy utilization is the inevitable choice under the current global energy crisis, the necessary measures for environmental protection and an important means to address the "Three Rural Issues". Currently, agricultural residue for resources utilization has encountered the problems such as scatter distribution, high production costs, weak industrial base, and shortage in investment in the industry. To solve the above problems, new energy development strategies for agricultural residue utilization in the future are proposed as follows:(1) strengthen policy guidance, and improve the legal system;(2) broaden the financing channels, and improve the subsidy mechanism;(3) strengthen innovation, and speed up technological research and development;(4) develop scientific planning, and standardize technical standards;(5) actively cultivate the market, and strengthen demonstration and guidance;(6) improve the management level, and increase access to services;(7)focus on promotion and guidance, to ensure that policies are implemented.