| Geological environment, which provides the spaces and resources for human existence and procreation, is closely bound up with the development of human society. Urban regional system, as the most densely populated area, has strong effect on geological environment. With the rapid development of technological and economic, China’s urbanization level has kept on rising since the reform and opening up policy. Some experts predict that there would be 50% people living in city in 2020th, and the number would increase to 75% in 2050th while the urbanization rate reached 50% and above. However, with the increased urbanization rate, the contradiction between geological environment and urban development is more and more serious.On one hand, all cities are built on a certain amount of geological environment and kinds of geological environment problems directly restrict the urban sustainable development. In China, the percentage of cities threatened by earthquake with the seismic intensity of Ⅶ or Ⅶ is about 45%. There are also a lot of cities threatened by rockfalls, landslides or debris flows. Meanwhile, land subsidence, land collapses, ground fissures are widely distributed, and groundwater pollution emerged in endlessly. Those geological environmental problems occurred singly or coupledly, causing seriously casualties and economic losses in the urban area. On the other hand, Urban development constantly "disturbs" the geological environment. While a variety of human activities in urbanization process, such as engineering construction, underground space explore, road construction, mining, etc., bring us brilliant civilization of human society, they also bring geological environment problems.Therefore, it is extremely important to study on the interactions of geological environment problems with urban development and its countermeasure. However, research contents of both geological environment problems and urban development are very broad, which make this interaction study covers a wide range. It is a typical interdisciplinary subject, involving the geology, geography, planning science, disaster science and other multi-disciplinary content. So far, there is not a generally accepted theory to support for the comprehensive research of this subject. Most of researchers put forward their own views. For example, geologists focused on analyzing the mechanism of geological hazards or on geological environment evaluation. Geographers often put their attention on coordination of man-land in a regional scale, including the use of geological resources and the protection of geological environment. Disaster researchers consider geological hazards as parts of the disaster system. And planning experts put forward planning measures to mitigate harmful effects of geological environment problems. These researches of different perspective reflect that the subject of the interaction study is multi-disciplinary, front and comprehensive.Safety science is based on the system theory. It is an independent and comprehensive discipline with the perspective of protecting humans not be endangered by external factors, and the starting point of realizing safety conditions. Highly comprehensive and interdisciplinary characteristics are the attributes of the discipline, due to it involves both natural science and social science. These attributes have highly consilience with the task of the interaction study. In addition, form the view of philosophy, to study the interactions and the countermeasure is for the safety conditions of urban resident not be endangered by geological environment, which is also accordant with the discipline of safety science. Therefore, the foothold of this paper is the safety science. The research contents is neither isolated urban development research nor isolated geological environment problems research, but the comprehensive research on the crossed and combinative fields of both geological environment problems and urban development.However, the comprehensive research about this topic is still a challenging task. Few studies analyze this issue systematically. The challenges include:(1) How to deal with multi-hazards of urban geological environment problems. Currently, researches on geological environment problems in one area were usually carried out respectively, which served for different objective, resulting in conflicting data and scattering outcomes. These researches were short of comprehensive consideration of geological environment problems in the area and even more the interactions between multi-hazards, which could not provide available information for urban planning and construction.(2) How to perform the systematic study on the interactions between geological environment problems and urban development. There is not a unified theory or conclusion on the systematic analysis about this topic. According to the research status home and abroad, relevant researches could be divided into three scales including macro, meso and micro. In macro scale, researches were mainly about regional land-man relationship, which usually use macro-indicators including population, resource and economy to quantize the relationship. Basin region or province region was often choosen as the spatial scope. However, in terms of a city scope, this scale is too extensive. In micro scale, researchers usually perform the detailed professional studies, aiming at specific geological environment problems, such as landslide mechanism. This scale is too tiny to meet the requirement of comprehensive judge of a city. Researches in the meso scale were mainly about the combination between geological environment problems and urban planning. In this scale, studies were closely connected with urban development. However, due to the lack of communication, it is often difficult for decision makers and planners to understand the geological information provided by geologists. Meanwhile, geologists can not effectively put the geological information into practice for urban planning because of the lack of knowledge on urban development planning. Therefore, the systematical analysis of the "crossing field" (interaction) between geological environment problems and urban development in this scale is one of the difficulties. The other is the quantitative research on the interaction.(3) How to perform the urban functional zoning to avoid and control geological environment problems. At present, researchers often give urban planning suggestions based on geo-environment quality assessment or suitability assessment. These advices are designed for urban functional layout. However, in practice, the urban functional layout has already been set out. Under this situation, the combination of different geological environment problems with different urban land-use types, and the risk assessment based on land-use units are the main challenges.In this thesis, the above difficulties will be discussed. In Western Taiwan Straits Economic Area, the typical city of Quanzhou was chosen to be the study area. Base on the collected data of both geological environment problems and urban development, multi-hazard assessment, systematical analysis of interactions from qualitative to qualitative, the countermeasure to avoid and control geological environment problems will be focused on in this thesis. The main contents and the results are as follows:(1) The relevant researches in geology, geography, disaster science and urban planning science were Summarized. The emphasis, scales, advantages and disadvantages of the four disciplines were analyzed, which provided the theoretical foundation of the safety science discipline for the study in this thesis.(2) Based on the investigation of the urban development situation and geological environment problems in the study area, the main types and distribution characteristics of geological environmental problems in this area were ascertained. A large amount of basic data was collected and sorted, which was divided into urban development data (including the urban land-use situation, public service facilities situation, lifeline engineering situation, large public traffic facilities situation, and the overall land-use layout) and geological environment data (including topography and geomorphology, geological structure, geological structure, engineering geology, and hydrogeology). Through various ways such as literature analysis, field investigation, sample collection and analysis, etc., the main geological environmental problems and distribution characteristics were ascertained. These geological environmental problems included earthquakes, collapse, landslide, soil pollution, groundwater pollution, seawater intrusion and coastal erosion. And their distribution characteristics were digitized in Geographic Information Systems (GIS).(3) Multi-hazard assessment of the geological environmental problems was analyzed. On the basis of identification of relations among multiple hazards in the environment of Quanzhou city, an integrated assessment approach for multi-hazard was developed, which allowed analyzing interactions of multiple hazards. The method was applied in Quanzhou City using GIS. First, an indicator-based approach was used to calculate the initial hazard index of each hazard and to make initial hazard maps. These hazards included earthquake, land subsidence, landslide, rock fall, heavy rainfall, seawater intrusion and coastal erosion. Second, a triggering-triggered model was established to modify the initial hazard index and to update the initial hazard maps. Third, the "max value" approach was used to generate a integrated hazard map. The application showed that the method was feasible and extensible in the treatment of the interactions of multiple hazards, and in the application of GIS. The obtained results can reflect differences of different geological environment problems triggered by other hazards, which was accordance with the actual situation in Quanzhou city.(4) Qualitative research on the interaction between geological environment problems and urban development was carried out. According to the characteristics of each geological environment problem in the area, the interactions were analyzed systematically, using various ways including GIS spatial overlay analysis, statistical analysis, case study analysis and field investigation. The interactions were divided into two aspects. The one was the effect on urban development caused by geological environment problems. The other was the effect on geological environment problems caused by urban development. For the first aspect, all the geological environment problems were divided into 5 categories. They were earthquake, landslide and collapse, land subsidence/land collapseand/ground fissure, soil and groundwater pollution, seawater intrusion and coastal erosion. The effects of each element in urban development caused by the 5 categories were analyzed systematically. For the second aspect, human activities in the process of urban development, which may cause geological environment problems, were divided into 4 categories, including engineering construction, mining, industrial and agricultural production, and coastal zone construction. The effects of these human activities on different geological environment problems were also analyzed systematically.(5) The quantitative research on the interaction between geological environment problems and urban development was carried out. The main issues needed to be resolved in the modeling of the interactions were clarified. A sketch map of the model structure was presented. Typical correlation method was used as a trying for quantitative modeling. However, due to the limitation of the indicator data, this method was not in feasible Quanzhou. In order to solve the problem on the lacking of basic data, a semi-quantitative method called blind number method was proposed, which can deal with the uncertainty information. First, expert investigation was carried out to help transform the interactions into blind information. Then blind number matrixs were constructed. The weight of each indicator was calculated. Then the unascertained measure was obtained based on the blind matrix and the weight vector. Finally the degree of interactions were obtained according to the unascertained measure. The blind number method was applied in the study area, the degree of effect on each urban element caused by geological environment problems, as well as the degree of each geological environment problem caused by urban development were obtained. The results were presented in two bar charts, which provided basis for relevant decision-making.(6) The urban planning suggestions to avoid and control geological environment problems were analyzed. From the macro angle, an urban functional zoning map was presented based on the investigation and assessment of geological environment problems. According to this map, suggestions on urban functional zoning were offered. From the meso angle, in order to distinguish the different effect on each land-use type caused by each geological environment problem, a risk assessment method was proposed based on the multi-hazard assessment, which used the land-use types to respect vulnerability. This method was applied in the study area, the obtained results can help decision makers and local planners easily identify the comprehensive risk of planned land-uses. According to these results, more pertinencier suggestions on urban land-use planning and risk mitigation were proposed.(7) For the main geological environment problems in the study area, specific reduction measures and emergency countermeasures were also presented. The study of emergency shelter selection and emergency supplies allocation were paid special attention. On the study of emergency shelter selection, an evaluation index system was established based on the availability, accessibility and safety of emergency shelters, which include 5 evaluation indexs. These indexs were accommodate refugee population, open space ratio, the shortest distance to hospital, the shortest distance to fire point and the shortest distance to fault. Combined with GIS technology, the Multi-objective Weighted Grey Target Decision Model was used to assess the comprehensive suitability of 13 alternative emergency shelters in the study area. According to the comprehensive suitability of each shelter, suggestions on the emergency shelter selection were given. On the study of emergency supplies allocation, GIS was also used as a tool.18 important emergency shelters and hospitals were selected as the demand-points,5 emergency supplies reserves were selected as constant supply-points,10 entrances of road and railway station were selected as roving supply-points. Different allocation schemes were studied and discussed, which included the whole optimal allocation scheme, the allocation schemes for each demand-points and the allocation schemes for each supply-points. According to the analysis of these schemes, suggestions on the emergency supplies allocation were given. |
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