Several Typical Areas In China's Less Animal Research And Classification System

Pauropods (Arthropoda:Myriapoda:Pauropoda) are tiny fauna and their body sizes are 0.5～1.5 mm in length. Comparing with the others of Myriapoda, Pauropods are less focused. At present, there are only two scholars Ulf Scheller and Yasunori Hagino who work on the morphological research of Pauropoda in the world. So far,2 orders,9 families,43 genera and more than 820 species are recorded while pauropods were found first by Lubbock in London,1866 (Scheller,2008; Scheller,2009; Guo et al.,2010a,2010b; Scheller,2010).Research about Pauropoda of China is poorly known.4 new species,1 new record species belonging to Pauropodidae Lubbock,1867 and 2 non-identified species belonging to Sphaeropauropodidae Verhoeff,1934 and Eurypauropodidae Ryder,1879 have been reported by Zhang and Chen first in Zhejiang Province and Tibet (1988). Until twenty years later,6 species have been described by Shen et al. (2007) in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. And 1 new genus and 6 new species have been reported by Guo et al. in Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province and Zhejiang Province (Guo et al.,2010a,2010b). Until recently,19 species belonging to 1 oreder,3 families and 7 genera were reported in China, which is about one fortieth of the total species in the world.Based on Pauropods’classified research and morphological characters summarized in this thesis, the Order and Family’s Key of Pauropods are concluded, as well as of genera and species in China. The distribution of Pauropoda is also collected in this thesis. Meanwhile, morphological identification of genera and species, such as the characters of head, antennae, trunk, bothriotricha, tarsus, pygidium, anal plate, are described with photographs in detail.Field trips were made in 5 provinces, more than 10 areas, including Birch Valley of Xingjiang, Luqu Natural Reserve in Gansu, Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang Province. A new genus Songius is erected and 6 new species are reported:Songius rugosus from Qixia Mountain, Laoshan Forest Park, Jiangsu, and Tiantangzhai, Dabie Mountain, Anhui, and Songius bicruris from Tiantangzhai, Allopauropus lasiochlamis, Allopauropus tetrachotomous, Allopauropus tristylus and Donzelotauropus lanceus from Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces (Guo et al.,2010a, b). And 7 new records are also described herein. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) are used to observe the samples first, which can bring more clear and amplificatory photographs when identified the pauropods.By using SEM and LSCM, a novel surface structure in the pygidial tergum that highly modified as engraving honeycomb is observed in the new genus-- Songius. And the significance of the novel structure is discussed in the aspect of adaptive evolution. 5 nucleotide sequences of D2 region in 28S rDNA which stand for 5 genera of Pauropoda are used to phylogenetic analyse by different methods. The result indicats that Songius is a genus of Pauropoda absolutely and the relationship of 5 genera is(Songius+((Allopauropus+Decapauropus)+(Pauropus+Eurypauropus))).Base on NJ/MP/ML analyses of 17 species’18S+28S rDNA belonging to 4 Classes of Myriapoda, the monophyly of Myriapoda is strongly supported, including monophyly of its constituent 4 classes. And the relationship of Myriapoda is (Chilopoda+(Diplopoda+(Symphyla+Pauropoda))). It also recovers Progoneata (Diplopoda+Pauropoda+Symphyla), the members of which each have an anteriorly placed gonopore.