The Establishment And Initial Development Of Science And Technology System In New China (1949-1966)

The scientific system with many research results has always been the focus of the academe studying and there are a series of monograph and many articles dealing with their many aspects. These achievements intensively probe into the problem or countermeasure about the circulating mechanism; however, it is not enough or nothing for us to discuss the organization mode, system or management mode of the scientific system. Hence, as a whole, these achievements seem loose and their researches are lack of the integrity, system and historicity.On the basis of the research of data, the paper makes the rather hackling to the scientific system at the founding period of our country. It is summarized as the character of scientific system. Like these aspects.First, the paper thinks the new China's leading system in scientific course experiences the change from the double centers to the single one. At the beginning of founding country, China Academy of Science has been the center of leading institution and scientific research for a time, which plays a certain role in the development of scientific course. However, owing to the deficiency of the founding system, China Academy of Science found it hard to exert its leading function. Influenced by the USSR's mode, Chinese government found the Scientific Technology Committee, which leads the whole country's scientific work unitedly. The appearance of the Scientific Technology Committee also symbolizes the shape of Chinese scientific system. During this period, Chinese government found two associations, Chinese Natural Science and the Application Association of it. The combination of the two associations, coupled with the founding of Chinese Association of Science and Technology, result in the founding of organization and leading system in the people's science and technology activities in the management of national defense and scientific technology. Soon after the founding of the new China, the leading institutions were set up to consolidate management and rather integrate national defense system; special management institutions are still be built to ensure the success of the top weapons'research. Second, the scientific and technical institution is the important carrier of scientific technological course development. Paper thinks that the new China's scientific and research institutions develop from the basis of accepting and integrating the old China and form gradually the science and research force such as Chinese Academy of Science, Industrial departments, Higher academies, Local and National Defense.Third, the research personnel is the basis of promoting the development of science and technology. After the founding of China, Chinese government arrange appropriately the intellectualist left behind by the old China according to the guide line of allowance, changing and adopting, the policy of contracting and set up their own scientific and technological groups by means of transform of their thought and then the world outlook. By the adjustment of the colleges and departments and the transform of higher schools'special structures, the recruiting number has been enlarged so as to solve the shortage of Chinese construction personnel. In the aspect of the top level personnel, measures must be actively taken to ask the overseas intellectualists to return, send a large multitude of overseas students to USSR etc., who serve as the key force of new China's science and technology development, and to set up the postgraduate system. In new China, the personnel development plan was set up to promote the increase of science and technology personnel in numbers, quality and speed; in the mean time, many policies and measures were taken to create conditions to better exert their functions.Fourth, paper thinks the organically and systematically starting the people's scientific work is the pointer for the new China's science work and main science and technology managing and organizing modes:planning management and collaborated tackling key problems. For the shortage of backward science, weak basis and inadequate personnel, it is hard for the science and technology at the beginning of the founding new China to meet the urgent need of the country construction and science development. The planning management and collaborating tacking the key problems solved this conflict very well, which not only solved a series of science and technology problems in urgent need of solving, filled a number of important science research blanks but also tamped the basis of science and technology development, which played a decisive role in the fast development of science and technology career.On the basis of the above research and addressing, the paper analyzes and comments on the science and technology system at the beginning of the founding China. It thinks that although the science and technology system in the new China was deeply influenced by USSR, its formation is also the result of Chinese science and technology development. In the course of setting up the system, the instauration of institution has made a rather great development, but there is also a series of problems which can be divided into the construction obstacles in the operation of science and technology system. This system engenders two main modes such as planning and collaboration tackling, which makes very important contribution to the main science and technology achievements at the beginning of the founding China.