On Issues About Land-lost Peasants In The Process Of Urbanization

During the process of building new socialist rural areas, the issue of farmers, rural areas and agricultural production (the FRA Problem) has been at the core. It is an important way to solve the FRA problem to reduce the number of peasants and promote the progress of urbanization. And, it is key to solving the FRA problem to solve the problem of land-lost peasants in the process of urbanization. This problem is also called one of the new FRA problems and is paid close attention to by scholars of different societies. Beijing and Tianjin, as China's two municipalities directly under the Central Government and important economic, cultural and political center in north China, have greatly expanded their urban scales. Therefore, the problem of peasants' losing land is also severe with these two municipalities. What is the current living situation of these land-lost peasants? What kind of changes takes place to their living styles and employment ways after losing land? What's the difference between them and traditional peasants? What difference in living standard of them takes place after losing land? What are the reasons causing these changes? How to solve the three-without problems widely existing among land-lost peasants?Based on the above questions, the author studied, after reviewing and summarizing the social exclusion theory, marginalization theory and social stratification theory, the problem of marginalization and differentiation existing among land-lost peasants around Beijing and Tianjin by taking 260 households of land-lost peasants of 80 villages in suburban areas of Zhuozhou and Langfang, two cities between Beijing and Tianjin, as a sample and suggested on countermeasures of innovative resettlement ways after analyzing reasons for these problems from both macro and micro perspectives. Composition of the paper is as follows:In Chapter 1, the author introduces the topic selection background of the paper, meaning of research, summary of studies home and abroad, study content and innovations.Chapter 2 is the theoretical basis of this paper. On the basis of reviewing and summarizing social exclusion theory, marginalization theory and social differentiation theory, the author put forward an assumption of land-lost peasants marginalization. In the author's point of view, a situation of marginalization, that is, a situation between peasant and citizen in employment way, identity, living way and psychology, will appear after a peasant loses his land. This marginalization inclination is primarily shown by the fact that the land-lost peasant can not realize non-peasant employment way at the sametime when losing his land, can not realize non-peasant living way at the same time when realizing non-peasant employment way and can not have citizen psychology at the same time when realizing non-peasant living way.From Chapter 3 to Chapter 5, the author analyzed characteristics of marginalization and the phenomenon of differentiation existing among land-lost peasants by taking 260 households of land-lost peasants of 80 villages in suburban areas of Zhuozhou and Langfang, two cities between Beijing and Tianjin, as a sample and analyzed reasons for the problems from the perspective of both such macro factors as the compensation system for land expropriation and urban-rural dualistic division system and such micro factors as factors relating to land-lost peasants themselves.Through the analysis, the author found that the implementation of the compensation system for land expropriation led peasants into a difficult position of being unable to realize non-peasant employment way at the same time when their land use way become non-peasant-pattern. Major signs for this include: land-lost peasants become excessively non-peasant-like due to misuse of land expropriation right; land-lost peasants passively become non-peasant-like due to compulsory land expropriation and expropriation at low price by the government; ineffective resettlement policies make land-lost peasants unable to realize non-peasant employment smoothly; long existing urban-rural dualistic division system impedes land-lost peasants from becoming citizen-like, main representation of which includes: employment discrimination prevents land-lost peasants from realizing non-peasant-like employment income, vacuum of social security reduces psychological security of land-lost peasants, defects of household registration system make land-lost peasants lose the opportunity to express their political resort and thus make it hard for them to really get integrated in cities; also, poor education background, poor non-peasant employment skills, unenlightened employment concepts and difference in living habits are also important reason for marginalization of land-lost peasants.Under the joint effect of regional factor, compensation system for land expropriation and factors relating to land-lost peasants themselves, land-lost peasants become differentiated. Nominal peasants with good regional location, developing-type of resettlement way and advantages in employment skills improve their living standard and become developing-type land-lost peasants; part-time peasants avoid further decrease of living standard with their non-agricultural income and, with the resettlement way of social security compensates for part of agricultural income, their lives tend to be stable and they become stable-type land-lost peasants; and some land-lost peasants become poor-type land-lost peasants due to imperfect compensation policy for land expropriation, poor non-agricultural employment ability and simplex monetary resettlement way, which make their living standards decrease.In Chapter 6, the author commented on the problem of land-lost peasants. From the perspective of development of the society at large, the author affirmed the positive meaning of the problem of land-lost peasants to development of land-lost peasants themselves and the society, and on the other hand, the author also pointed out that the common marginalization inclination and poverty among land-lost peasants will check the progress of urbanization and have negative influence on land-lost peasants and the society at large. The author argued that the marginalization problem and poverty existing amongland-lost peasants should be properly solved through system change.Chapter 7 contains conclusion and policy suggestions. Through research, the author came to the conclusion that: occurrence of land-lost peasants is the inevitable result of urbanization and has positive meaning to economic and social development; the core of the problem of land-lost problems is the common marginalization inclination and poverty; occurrence of the above problems is the joint effect of system factor and factors relating to land-lost peasants themselves; key to solving the problem of land-lost peasants is to solve the development problem of land-lost peasants; it is an effective way to solve the problem of land-lost peasants to select developing-type resettlement mode. Also, the author put forward policy suggestion for improving the situation from improving land expropriation system, accelerating household registration system reform, including land-lost peasants in social security mechanism and establishing training mechanism for land-lost peasants.Through the above study, the author tried to make some innovation in the following aspects:First, on the basis of summarizing the social exclusion theory, marginalization theory and social differentiation theory, the author put forward the opinion of land-lost peasants marginalization and define the marginalization of land-lost peasants as a situation between peasants and citizens in employment way, identity, living way and psychology after losing land and without sense of belonging.Second, the author studied the phenomenon of land-lost peasants differentiation and analyzed the reason for it by analyzing the relationship between full-time, part-time and nominal peasants before losing land and developing, stable and poor-type land-lost peasants after losing land.Third, the author put forward the opinion that the core of the problem of land-lost peasants is ineffective resettlement policy, not insufficient compensation and argued that the core to solving the problem of land-lost peasants is to solve the development problem of land-lost peasants.Finally, on the basis of comparing four kinds of land-lost peasants, namely, smoothly transiting, sharing benefit, centralized developing and integrated resettlement, the author put forward the opinion that developing-type resettlement way is the best selection to solve the development problem of land-lost peasants.