Interest Conflicts And Its Managements Of Cultivated Land Protection

To cherish and give a rational use to the land as well as to give a true protection to the cultivated land are seen as a basic principle of land use in the country.The current policy of cultivated land protection mainly include the followings:land use planning, dynamic balance of total amount of cultivated land, land use control system,the surpervison and approval for agricultural land conversion, land development,reclamation and consolidation, cultivated land requisition-compensation balance,farmland management and incentive policies for farmers to grow food, et al. All these policies are extremely positive because China's densely populated and retains limited reserve resources of cultivated land. China has the world's most stringent cultivated land protection system, but cultivated land amount is still decreasing from 1.25×108 ha in 1985 to 1.21×108 ha in 2008, average annual reduction of 15.1×104 ha. Why is it so difficult to protect cultivated land in China? One of the main causes is that the interest conflicts of cultivated land protection isn't scientifically managed. Through the existing research with regarding to interest conflicts of cultivated land protection, the author found that it is rare which need to further study. Therefore, discovering, acquainting and resolving conflicts of cultivated land protection is greatly meaningful.This study firstly evaluated the performance of cultivated land protection in order to get to know the situation and to find problems, then analyzed the forms of interest conflicts in cultivated land protection and explored how it caused, and finally some management strategies are proposed. The contents of this paper mainly include as follows:(1) The index evaluation system, the Delphi, the grey system theory and the coordinative degree calculation model are employed to evaluate executive ability of cultivated land protection polices in china from 1996 to 2006 based on PSR model.(2) Refereed to stakeholder's ideas, from the two dimensions of tightness and social attributes, the stakeholders of cultivated land protection are divided into primary social stakeholders, minor social stakeholders, primary non-social stakeholders and minor non-social stakeholders. The stakeholders of cultivated land protection enjoy different interests and needs together with different responsibilities, which will result in various interest conflicts.(3) The purpose of analyzing the mechanism of cultivated land protection conflicts is to understand how the conflicts generate. Such factors are involved in explanation of the cultivated land protection conflicts:non-equilibrium external environment of cultivated land protection, asymmetric cost-benefit accounting of cultivated land protection and imperfections of current land administration system.(4) Common and differential liability is the basic principle for managing the interest conflicts of cultivated land protection. In order to better manage the interest conflicts, several measures may be necessary as follows:1) rational division together with managements of cultivated land protection zones; 2) taking cultivated land protection as an opportunity to establish regional collaboration and interaction;3) constructing compensation mechanism for external economic loss of cultivated land protection; 4)reevaluate the cultivated land's multifunction value.(5) Auditing in local government's accountability and some measures are discussed to smoothly apply in cultivated land protection.This study mainly acquired the following achievements:(1) Established an index system for evaluated the governments'executive ability of cultivated land protection on the basis of its defined connotation and the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model by referring to combined model of the gray system theroy and Coordination function. The study shows that executive ability of cultivated land protection could be measured by the harmonious degree of the PSR system, which reflects the cause-effect-response logical relations in protecting cultivated land, and that executive ability of cultivated land protection varies from region to region. The harmonious degree among the samples, Heilongjiang Province is highest, which is 1.7799, Hainan Province last, being 1.5518.(2) Put forward the principle of common and differential liability in conflicts management of cultivated land protection, cultivated land protection is the common liability to all people but the liability is also differential because of the uneven external environment and loss of opportunity cost in cultivated land protection. At the same time common liability and differential liability of cultivated land protection is organically unified. Common liability is the bedrock and differential liability is the key to implement the principle. The way must be shifted from the "common liability" to the "common and differential liability" in the management of cultivated land protection.(3) Reevaluated cultivated land taking thirty-one samples at provincial level in order to weigh the cost and benefit of cultivated land protection. The results show that the proportion of the economic value is very lower, only 9.30%. The cultivated land's ecological value and social value are ignored in the public decision-making. Provincial differences of cultivated land value are obvious. The proportion of cultivated land's social value account with 70-80% range, which indicate that the cultivated land is the main survival resources for farmers; the average is 15.26% of ecosystem service value of cultivated land, but most of western province is higher than the national average level.(4) Calculated the amount of economic compensation on the premise of regional grain security and through quantifying the opportunity cost of cultivated land protection so as to balance the external economical loss of cultivated land protection, namely, regions where bearing less task in cultivated land protection should provide how much payment to those regions bearing more in cultivated land protection, so that the economic loss caused by outnumbered cultivated land protection could be remedied. The study results show:l) The highest opportunity cost of cultivated land protection is 37.05×104 Yuan/hm2 in Shanghai, the lowest is 0.01×104 Yuan/hm2in Gansu province and the average level in the whole country is 6.22×104 Yuan/hm2 2)Under the scenarios of food self-sufficiency rate 90% and grain consumption 300kg per capita, cultivated land is deficit in Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Fujian, Qinghai, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guizhou, Hainan province. Under the scenarios of food self-sufficiency rate of 95% and grain consumption 400kg per capita, in the Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Xinjiang, Shandong, Ningxia, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan provinces, cultivated land are surplus;3) The highest compensation is paid for Heilongjiang Province in the studying samples, for one year the amount of which is 543.24x108 Yuan. Most places in the east of China are the payers of financial compensation, with Shanghai being the one that pays most, at least 421.79×108 Yuan per annum. The cost is extremely high in order to achieve food self-sufficiency rate to be 90% or 95% and to rely on their own cultivated land to maintain the regional food security.(5) Explored the feasibility of auditing in the accountability of cultivated land protection for local government,which will enrich supervision institution system of cultivated land protection from a new angle of view. Essentially local government to protect cultivated land is a type of public accountability, so the content of accountability auditing in cultivated land protection for local government is to audit its public accountability.Auditing contents regarding local government's accountability are established based on public accountability. Auditing can play a important role in reducing agent cost and increasing agent's breach risk of government to protect cultivated land.