Study On Distinguishing True And False Documents In Qing Dynasty

To study the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents in Qing Dynasty is an academic and ideological research. This study has important theoretical and practical significance, but it hasn't been studied comprehensively and systematically. Based upon it, this thesis will mainly discuss the topic from the following five respects.Firstly, it analyses the theories about the Science of Distinguishing True and False Thing and the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents, reviews the relative researches from the beginning of the twentieth century up to the present, and explicates the academic importance and theoretic methods of this thesis. Secondly, it reviews the developing history and its achievements of the science before Qing Dynasty. The origin of the study can trace back to the Pre-Qin dynasty and its formation in Han dynasty; after hundreds of years development in Sui, Tang, Song and Ming dynasties, it has got great achievements. The research of the scholars in Qing Dynasty is developed from such base. Thirdly, it reviews the impetus and conditions of the studies in Qing. There are closely links between the distinguishment studies and the period and society it is in. The reasons to its great achievements are the inner request of the academia and society, and the outer influences. Fourthly, it researches systemically the science of the early, middle and late Qing. Through case study on the ancient achievements, this thesis analyses the opinions and methods of famous writers, and makes special discussions about the distinguishing of books, Gu Wen Shang Shu, Zhou Li, Zhu Shu Ji Nian, Mu Lu Ti Yao, and so on. Fifthly, it reaches a conclusion on the scientific system of the studies in Qing Dynasty, its achievements and its present enlightenments.This thesis has some influences on the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents in Qing Dynasty and the study of the Chinese academia history whose innovations are as the following.Firstly, it makes a definite and scientific system of the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents and establishes a theoretic frame. The present bibliographic distinguishment studies exist many problems, such as confusing the relation between the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents and the examination of the bibliographic author and period, confusing the relation between the examination of true and false documents and the one of true and false historical materials, disregarding the ideological significance of the science for only paying attention to the methods, which dispose the deficiency in the research of the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents and the need of improvemnt. This thesis is not only a breakthrough to the existing theoretic frame, but also a rewrite of the history of the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents. Secondly, it makes a clear arrangement of the development history of science before Qing Dynasty, and sets a referential criterion to search the achievements of the science in Qing, which can make up for the deficiency. There are natural origins of the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents in Qing. So a comprehensive understanding of the Pre-Qing history of the science is the base and key point to have a correct understanding of the Qing research condition, to grasp its development degree and to reasonably locate its academic achievements. Thirdly, systematically studying the impetus and outer conditions of the science in Qing, which is always be neglected by former scholars. I study the inner impetus in seven respects, such as the need of maintaining the holy doctrine and theory, settling the remaining problems, meanwhile, this thesis studies its outer conditions so as to analyze the relation between bibliographic distinguishment and politics, economics, culture and ethos. Fourthly, it makes clear of the development stages of the science in Qing, and exactly ascertains its academic position. The writers at the early stage have great vigour, those at the middle stage keep improving and those at late stage get rid of the stale and bring forth the fresh. There are 213 scholars and 783 relative books. Judged by these standards, the Science of Distinguishing True and False Documents in Qing got upon the summit of the academy history. Fifthly, it gives a comprehensive analysis on the theoretic methods and the thoughts of the science in Qing. The scholars in Qing made few innovations of the method, but they made great achievements of its thoughts, especially maintaining the legitimacy of doctrinism and its practicality. Sixthly, it argues the improper positions of the relative achievements made by scholars in Qing. Through systemic analysis, I criticize the wrong opinions, especially those of Yan Ruo Ju, Yao Ji Heng, Cui Shu, Mao Qi Ling and so on and make out proper praises of the scholar. Seventhly, it corrects the mistakes of dates, contents and qualities in the records and understandings, such as Yan Ruo Ju Nian Pu, Gu Wen Shang Shu Shu Zheng, Zhou Guan Bian Fei, and so on.