Study On Classic Opera In Qing Dynasty Of Shandong Province

The literators in Qing dynasty in Shandong province made biggish achievements of traditional opera inditing.In the field of Chuanqi,some famous works such as Tao Hua Shan were dedicated ,and in the domain of Zaju,there were some influential works in literature history such as Hou Si Sheng Yuan which reappeared the mentality of literators factually.In the drama world in Qing Dynasty in Shandong,there were not only a group of Qufu saint offspring dramatists who made great successes,but also a group in middle east of Shandong,whose complishment were outstanding.In despite of various reasons,the achievements of some works were neglected in a certain extent,such as Biao Zhong Ji by Ding Yaokang.Although it was written under the order of emperor, while its achievement of ideology and art was not less than Ming Feng Ji,a works in the same theme.it was suppressed because of offending the temporal taboo,therefore it lost the chance of playing.In the drama world in Shandong,there were also a great deal of works which were fragmentary or lost that we could not know their panorama.This paper bases on the special background of Qing Dynasty,by the way of cultural criticism and literatural research to try to revert the institutional perspective of the drama world in Qing Dynasty in Shandong,reveal the inditement rules of works in that time,and discuss the generality under the restrictions of the age and the region based on individual destiny of the dramatic literators in Shandong.This paper is composed by two parts.The introduction consists of three parts,separately expound the reason of this selected topic,the definition of the bound about the research of dramatic literature in Qing Dynasty in Shandong and the present conditions of this research,the introduction includes the study techniques which base on culture criticism, philology, comparison and statistics,the significance of this research ,the points of innovation and so on.The first part is pandect which includes five chapters.The first chapter summarizes the achievements of the dramatic literature in Qing Dynasty in Shandong.It summarizes the successes in Chuanqi,Zaju and Liqu composed by the literators in Shandong,sums up all their lives,and summarizes the achievements and the influence in literary history of dramatic literature in Shandong.The second chapter analyses the influence on dramatic literature in Shandong by the epoch in Qing Dynasty.The peculiar political dominion and cultural policy in Qing Dynasty compelled the authors in Shandong to form a profound and implicit styles.The industrial and commercial economy developed quickly,but the national income was still based on agricultural economy,that made the literators hold a strong georgic consciousness.The dramatic literature in Shandong embodied a psychology which attached importance to agriculture and look down on commerce.The drama authors despised the development of business,and ignored the image-building of businessmen.The dense learning ambience and the main identity of scholars made the drama in Shandong form a character deeply. The harsh drama policy could not hold up the flourishing drama activities.Shandong domestic troupe was famous for Kongfu.Although the folk performing activities were so prosperous,it could not formed perfect marketable mechanism.That situation restricted the development of dramatic literature in Shandong ,and impelled the inditement to be academic. The third chapter analyzes the dramatic literature in Shandong from the angle of regional culture.The native of Shandong drama inditers was divided into the southwest in Shandong where belonged to archaic Lu and the middle east in Shandong where belonged to archaic Qi.The main inditers of Lu were saint offspring dramatists,their most communications based on consanguinity and genealogy while the inditers of Qi based on clime.The inditers of Qi travelld and intoned together frequently.The QiLu culture influenced the Shandong drama inditers from two aspects.Firstly,the styles of Qi and Lu affected the drama inditers of the two places respectively.Secondly,as a highly merged and united temperament,the QiLu culture affected the Shandong drama inditers synthetically,and made their works show a regionally culture inspirit,such as Confucianism and Daoism complemented,regard moral and law,forwardness and so on.The fourth chapter parses the subject matter and topic matter of the dramatic literature in Shandong respectively.The subject matter of the dramatic literature in Shandong were diversiform: the drama about lifes of literators based on the principle of personages could not be used by dominator; the gentlewomen and chivalrous women in the drama about women life reflected the men-authors' perspective on women; the drama about history and politics embodied a new angle of view about admitting the nomadic kaiserdom as lineal when represented the historical events and the political struggle; the love stories in drama about the young often held up the times rise and fall,ethic,philosophy,life and so on;the ethics drama contained plenty content of faithfulness,filial piety,braveness and righteousness, that roundly exhibitted the ethical culture of feudalistic Chinese society;the vivid stories in drama about Buddhism and Taoism unfurlled the perspective and character of Chinese religious culture.The fifth chapter discusses the system of the literators' dramatic works in Shandong. The pattern and character of Chuanqi and Zaju in Qing Dynasty in Shandong were accorded with the total trend of the development of the countrywide drama,while they had their unique feature places.The drama authors in Shandong willingly complied the general system of Zaju and Chuanqi,and requested the rhythm and lyric strictly.The second part is divided dissertation and includes four portions.The important drama authors in Shandong are respectively discussed in term of the East Shandong and West Shandong in order to discuss the general characters individual characters of their creations. The sixth chapter discusses the Zaju authors group in middle east of Shandong deputized by Pu Songling.Pu Songling's Zaju named Wei Jiong described a humoristic view about the examinees who were locking into examination hall,and included painful experience of the author.Naoguan contained the irony about formal culture.Zhongmei qingshou was a amused production with a easiest mood.Pu Songling' Liqu embodied the typical ethical caring thought based on household.Zhao Jinmei'zaju adopts religion theme.A dream in fairyland refelcts his apperception that"life is but a dream",Become a Buddha immediately refelcts his combinative life philosophy interlinked by Confucianism and Buddhism.Song Wan,who suffered many mishaps in his life finding sustenance in Jigaoyao.The seventh chapter discusses the Chuanqi authors group in middle east of Shandong deputized by Ding Yaokang.Ding Yaokang' four Chuanqi works which exist incarnated the typical mentality of literators who lived perplexedly between the noble adherents of Ming dynasty and surrender official.Ji Shengxuan' Chuanqi embodied the yearn and maintenance with traditional ethics morality of the literators who lived in the last time of feudal society and faced the breakdown of feudal ethics.The eighth chapter discusses the Qufu saint offspring dramatist deputized by Kong Shangren. The creative ideas of Kong Shangren' Taohuashan were complicated.Kong expressed the idea of progress about faithfulness and turpitude,and the misty national consciousness was submerged in the emotion of rise and fall.Taohuashan achieved the zenith of classic drama on the amalgamation of historical reality and reality of art,and had its inimitable artistic peculiarity comparing with Changshengdian.Taohuashan incarnated the Chunqiu technique of "dodging for the thera",and it was reflected clearly in Mayan and Xuanyou. Zaju named Da hulei composed the metaphor about Kong Shanren' psychology of regarding reputation and despising profit.Both Kong Guanglin' s Zaju and Chuanqi have characteristic.His works had the peculiarity of inditing the drama as sutra and being good at both of the southern and northern drama.Kong Zhaoqian' Zaju was good at depicting the sad women.The ninth chapter discusses the indition of the dramatists in West Shandong deputized by Gui Fu who lived around Jining and didn't belong to the saint offspring dramatists.The group included Gui Fu,Xu Hongpan,Lu Shuchun,Zeng Yandong and so on.Gui Fu' excellent Zaju named Hou Si Sheng Yuan which inherited the humanistic spirit of Xu Wei 'Si Sheng Yuan that was accomplished in delineating the soft sensation of literators.The four short acts apiece had its strongpoint in the manner of dealing with the protagonist's feelings.Its deep and implicative lyric style incarnated regress to the conventional and educational consciousness.The Zaju named Six Beiqu of Liuguanlou were mainly composed by historical play which incarnated the deep influence of academic research.The Chuanqi named Yu Ma Pei Yin Zheng Ji incarnated the orthodox ideology of "ones character could not be moved by sensation" in the love dream that the young bookman conciliated two beautiful women.Zeng Yandong' Zaju named Xiao DouPeng figured a spiritual paradise yearning by magnificent literators.The epilogue summarizes the significance and influence of the drama in Qing Dynasty in Shandong.Although most of these works did not have great influence in literary history,they reflected the literators'mentality that made geat impact to the regional drama,the mentality of demos and the education of lower people.