| The Country right include political right , economy right , safe right and culture right,base on state sovereignty , sovereign power and country benefit. This thesis leads into the angle of country right, try to study the history of project and administration of Guangzhouo-Hankou high iron.The first chapter of this thesis discuss the contends for railroad sovereign right and the sovereign power in the end of the Qing Dynasty. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Qing government decided to construct the Guangzhouo-Hankou high iron, in order to protect state sovereignty, improve economy and national defence. For the remediation of deficiency in technology and fund,also for the restriction of the Gallo and Russian influence in China, Qing government made enormous give in to introduce USA company to undertake the great project. Whereas, the USA company not only delayed project, but also breached of faith to sell stock to Belgium which taked Russia and France as prop. The official and public of China, especially the public of such provinces as Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong, were filled with indignation because the policy of"constructing high iron on schedule"and"playing both ends against the middle"failed. They supported Qing government to redeem the right of the high iron spontaneously. After the right were redeemed, Qing government had to submit to popular will to allow societal forces to undertake the great project, because government cannot complete it independently. But the societal forces cannot accomplish the project on schedule because they were also cornered for the deficiency of fund,technology, experience and stuff. After comparing various advantages and disadvantages, Qing government designed policy to nationalize the high iron and borrowed foreign loans to carry out it. But the government failed to accomplish the mission because of deficit and loss of prestige. The public, especially the gentries and merchants, raised protest in large scale , which accelerated dynastic change.The second chapter discuss nationalization course of Guangzhouo-Hankou railroad. After inspected the history and current situation of the main stems,central government of Republic of China designed the policy of State-owned. Because the general public has reached consensus to state-owned significance of main line, the section from Hubei to Hunan were nationalized smoothly. But the policy of State-owned failed for the political situation chaos. At the same time, the Stock company of Guangdong railroad operate difficulty. This had embodied the weakness of bourgeoisie. In 1920s, The citizen revolution government has participated in Guangdong railroad refit and operation directly.After Nanjing national government founded, the project of nationalization of Guangdong railroad were finished smoothly. The third and fourth chapter discuss central government hosted the main stem project. In 1930s, central government make great efforts to build and repair every main stems. For accomplishing the engineering of Guangzhouo-Wuhan railroad as soon as possible, central government negotiate with United Kingdom again and again.China gained huge fund and Sufficient material by the negotiation.By mediate in many ways, Guangdong and Guangxi authority allow the construction of the main stems. In order to develop vigorously peoples' livelihood, ministry of railways purchases domestic industry and agriculture products such as wood , grain , stones and lacquer material in many ways. In order to relieve poor people, ministry of railways adopt a civilian workers in large-scale. For striving for popular will, project bureau execute to the regulations and instil the ideology into the workers.The fifth chapter discuss the main stem act as important role in integrating country strength to resist foreign aggression in Anti-Japanese War. Central government integrate politics faction, expanded import and export scale and drive inland resource exploitation by the supportion from the railroad effect. Millions of soldiers , refugees, culture personages, strategy and construction goods and materials transported by Guangzhouo-Hankou high iron.This supported forcefully the front battles, preserved precious the material and culture resource, maintained the economy difficulty.The history of the construction and operation of Guangzhouo-Hankou railroad leave extremely costful experience and lessons to descendants.Firstly, the country strength decide the progress of main stem establishion.Secondly,that the government takes the whole situation into account and plans accordingly is one of determinant. Thirdly,ruling politics by law is helpful to engineering construction.At last,Good international relation of appropriate treatment helps defend sovereign right in engineering construction... |
