| Chinese Republican period is the closest, most closely related period, to contemporary China. The city is epitome of China's modern economic and social development, its development course reflects the connotation and process of the social changes of modern Chinese. Further research on Chinese cities has historical and realistic significance.From the revival of the social history in 1980s, common people become the focus of researches on Chinese history. History from the downside to the upside or lower-layer history was is in good graces Of history researchers. Taking social history as the angle of view, researching the life condition of the urban lower society is helpful to grasp the modern transformation of Chinese society in the Republic of China City accurately. Bottom-up profound perspective of city society is different from top-down observation, and two kinds of path between the mutual verification may bring us closer to the truth of history. It can also provide some useful perspective for us to understand the transition process of the contemporary Chinese society, especially the living conditions of the social vulnerable groups. It's helpful for us to find the causes, change their disadvantaged position, build harmonious society, and realize common rich goal, too.The urban lower society is the product of social transformation in modern china. Along with the development of modern urban economy in, the urban social community structure experienced profound changes. Mainly according to the occupation, urban people in modern Shandong cities were divided into nine levels, and the seventh, eight or nine types of column for Shandong city social underclass, and divided into four groups:mainly by modern industrial workers, clerks, handicraft workers and including the apprentice, the group of workers; the small handicraftsmen, small traders, craftsmen such as self-sustaining groups; the coachman, human the driver and the construction, transportation, loading and unloading, cleaning industry seasonal workers, temporary workers and other components of the coolie groups as well as beggars, prostitutes as a representative of the homeless population.Workers staff group refers to those who make a living by selling their labor.They do not have any means of production and wage income is the main source of their livelihood. IT is also the largest urban lower social groups. They come from rural farmers, especially from the outskirts of the city and the neighboring provinces of farmers. TO the industrial workers, despite the wage income is relatively steady, the overall wage level is low. Because the labor market is often in a state of oversupply, working-class wages have been limited to the lowest level. Of course, the wage of the industrial workers differs from a geographical perspective, the industry, enterprise, etc.For worker family's expenses, consumption is mainly used for solving the problem to solve the diet. With the exception of a few industries and technical workers, worker's income could not support a family. Whether the factory workers shelter or a worker owned housing, are generally more crowded, and the environment is poor sanitary conditions; diet is the most inexpensive food with very simple non-staple food. Handicraft workers' geographical distribution is relatively dispersed, not only the long working hours, wages are relatively low. Many handicraft-worker families live beyond their salary.According to the position and the working age, the assistant store employee group can be divided into many layers. Their labor conditions and treatment vary greatly. Senior clerk take part in the management of the store, their salary is much higher than ordinary store employee. In the end of every year, they achieve more money and belong to the middle society. The lower groups generally do not own the means of production, the source of life mainly relies on selling the labor.The basic pay of the assistant store employee group is higher than handicraft workers, and roughly equivalent to industrial workers. The work is very hard, for more than ten hours a day behind the counter, the big stores are generally more stringent Inn compasses, penalties, staff accommodation in the shop, very few better business store food quality is slightly better. The apprentice learning, working, living conditions, different industry, commercial organizations have different.The apprentice group is included in the workers staff group, too. Overall, the apprentice complex has no or little pay, bad treatment, especially in old workshops. Relying on the apprentice experience, some one may become one of the middle or up layer the society.Self-sustaining community mainly includes small traders, the small handicraftsmen. They were not being hired and don't hire someone, either. Mainly engaged in individual labor and domestic labor, they rely on the simple craft or small business to make a living. Compared with the liberal occupation personnel, such as lawyers, agents, freelance writer and city middle, most of them lack of knowledge, capital, skills and belongs to the lower city society.From the analysis of the literature, self-sustaining groups are faced with "small capital and little gain, keep going by painstaking effort" predicament, the lack of funds, small loan funding has not fundamentally the their business and living conditions, a large number of shift living with the variety of products and services to meet the many city people daily life needs, but most of them and tight, living in straitened circumstances.Coolie group is who have no fixed income and purely rely on selling physical bottom worker groups. Most of them have no complex means of making a living, relying on simple manual labor. They are the poorest sweatshop workers.In all the city groups having proper and improper occupation, coolie groups' income is the lowest. Because of the influence of season, the domestic and international economic situation more obvious influence, coolie groups' income tends to have very big uncertainty. The intensity of physical labor is an important aspect coolie groups differs from other groups living conditions, but also career short, old age, injury and reduced to begging or froze to death as it is quite common for the phenomenon.The homeless in modern cities refers to the city residents drifted away from the basic social structure outside of the various fringe groups. City people in general no fixed occupation, no fixed source of livelihood, with proper or improper way of earning a living, city society is less stable." Modern Chinese new social structure staggered and abnormal development makes the city homeless has diversified sources characteristics, at the same time, many unable to get proper occupation homeless long-term accumulation in the city, have to through a variety of informal means of earning a living, make the modern city hobo occupation tendency is apparent with each passing day.The nomad groups of lower prostitutes were studied. The prostitute is by selling their bodies or talent to obtain money for themselves or others living expenses of all or part of a woman. Modern Shandong's prostitutes, mainly in Qingdao, Yantai, Ji'nan, Weihai, Wei County, Jining, Dezhou, and other large and medium-sized cities. Poverty is the working cause which build huge seller's market. According to a 1941 survey of all prostitutes in Ji'nan City, listed in the "trafficking","temptation","family trouble","bad behavior" and other, all three grades prostitutes are without exception because of poverty"". Hooker's revenue comes mainly from its service income and service style, overall look, different grades of prostitutes income is not the same, the lower a lower income, notable is, although the lives of prostitutes afflicted is the fact that does not dispute, but their clothing is fed pedestrians differ from the other groups, the revolutionary discourse information is devastated not its normal life.The beggar is the main component of the homeless. According to whether they begged for occupation beggar is divided into two categories:occupation beggar and the flowing beggar. Occupation beggar is the subject, many of whom joined the beggar organization. Despite poverty is the main reason of producing beggar, the natural calamities and man-made misfortunes, unemployment and the disease were often the direct cause of beggars. In terms of income, while beg head often has income, food and clothing for common beggars is more miserable.Generally speaking, during the period of Republic of China the urban lower society is a huge complicated social group, most uneducated, lack of skilled, can only rely on manual labor and other lower means of subsistence. Mainly because of the low-standard production, they are poor, have a lowest level living and lack of capacity to resist economic risk, unemployment and decease, etc. labor protection and social security system and the measure is not perfect. In order to solve the problems of people's livelihood, promoting the urbanization and the development of society, we must develop productivity energetically, solve the "three agriculture" problem effectively, in the mean time establish of a sound social security system. |
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