| Crataegus spp.contains many kinds of flavonoids which have medical or healthy effects and play an important role in human life.In this study,the flavonoids,flavonoids metabolic-related substances(soluble sugar and protein)and enzyme activities were studied at different growth periods using hawthorn(Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.)as materials.At the same time,the effects of different organic matters(glutamic acid,glucose,mannine,oxalic acid,L-phenylalanine and L-arginine),mineral nutrition(nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium, calcium,magnesium,zinc,iron),growth regulators(ABA,GA3),salt stress as well as water extracts of hawthorn roots on fiavonoids metabolites were studied.The main results are as follows:1.The types and quantities of fiavonoids generated from roots and root exudates of hawthorn are different.The total fiavonoids content of roots is higher than root exudates.The fiavonoids contained in roots and root exudates have a significant difference.The retention time of flavonoids in roots is concentrated in 30～40 min and the main flavonoids are lipophilic,and most of them are free aglycone.The retention time of flavonoids in root exudates is concentrated in 5～30 min and the main fiavonoids are hydrophilic,and most of them are glycosides.2.The flavonoids and content in different growth periods of hawthorn were different. The total fiavonoids content of root exudates was the highest in withholding growing periods of shoot,and three fiavonoids were detected,which were rhamnosylvitexin,hyperoside and quercetin.Two flavonoids were detected in leaf-expansion period and fast growing period of shoot,which were rhamnosylvitexin and quercetin.Two flavonoids were detected in defoliation period,which were rutin and hyperoside.Hyperoside was detected in roots in each growth periods.3.The flavonoids and total flavonoids content of roots and root exudates were higher than control in exogenous glucose,glutamic acid,L-arginine and L-phenylalanine treatments in hawthorn.The maximum peak area of fiavonoids is peak 25 in 400 mg·L-1glutamic acid treatment,while other treatments was peak 1(rhamnosylvitexin)or peak 9(unknown peak). Rhamnosylvitexin was detected in root exudates of each organic matters treatment,except for the oxalic acid treatment.The flavonoid of maximum peak area of roots in each treatment is peak 12 or peak 45,which was unknown peak. 4.The total flavonoids content of roots in nitrogen deficiency and phosphorus deficiency treatments were higher than magnesium deficiency,zinc deficiency,iron deficiency treatments and control in hawthorn,while the flavonoids content of root exudates was lower. The flavonoids of magnesium deficiency,zinc deficiency and iron deficiency treatments were higher than control,and consisted of rhamnosylvitexin,rutin,vitexin,hyperoside and quercetin.The flavonoids were more riches in zinc deficiency treatment.The flavonoids of maximum peak area in mineral deficient treatments were different compared to control,and control was peak 10,and nitrogen deficiency treatment,phosphorus deficiency treatment, potassium deficiency treatment,calcium deficiency treatment,magnesium deficiency treatment,and zinc deficiency treatment were peak 12,25,16,26,20,and 15,separately,and all of these peaks were unknown peak,while iron deficiency treatment was peak 3 that was vitexin.The flavonoids of maximum peak area in roots were peak 45,12 or 43 that was unknown peak.5.The total flavonoids content of roots in ABA treatment was higher than GA3 treatment and control,while that of in root exudates was lower than GA3 treatment and control and showing negative correlation.Rutin,hyperoside and quercetin were detected in root exudates of GA3 treatment,while that of in ABA treatment was rhamnosylvitexin and hyperoside,and control only had rhamnosylvitexin.The flavonoids of maximum peak area in ABA and GA3 treatments were peak 10,while that of in control was peak 9.The flavonoid of maximum peak area of roots in all growth regulator treatments and control was peak 12.6.The total flavonoids content of root exudates was the highest in 0.1%salt stress treatment,while that of in root was different compared to 0.1%salt stress treatment,and 0.3% salt stress treatment was the most.The rhamnosylvitexin and vitexin were detected in all salt stress treatments,while the control only consisted of rhamnosylvitexin.The flavonoids of maximum peak area of root exudates in 0.1%and 0.5%salt stress treatments was peak 1 (rhamnosylvitexin),while in CK and 0.3%salt stress treatments was peak 9 that was unknown peak.The flavonoid of maximum peak area of roots in all salt stress treatments and control was peak 12.7.The total flavonoids content of root exudates was higher in water extract of hawthorn roots treatment compared to control,while the total flavonoids content of root was lower.10 g·L-1water extract of hawthorn roots treatment and control consisted of rhamnosylvitexin, while 100 g·L-1water extract of hawthorn roots treatment consisted of rhamnosylvitexin,rutin, vitexin and hyperoside.The maximum peak area flavonoids of root exudates in 10 g·L-1water extract of hawthorn roots treatment and control was peak 9,while in 100 g·L-1water extract of hawthorn roots treatment was peak 14 that was unknown peak.The flavonoid of maximum peak area of roots in all treatments and control was peak 12.The quantity of rhizosphere microbes in 100 g·L-1water extract of hawthorn roots treatment changed more severe and contrary to the 10 g·L-1water extract of hawthorn roots treatment and control.8.The flavonoids are secondary metabolites,whose formation is based on photosynthesis,and the changes of primary metabolites of photosynthesis such as soluble sugar and protein was similar to flavonoids.The changes of PAL activity were similar to the accumulation of flavonoids showing a positive correlation,while the PPO activity decreased with the increasing of flavonoids content showing a negative correlation.The root respiration pathways in all treatments were different and TCA was the main root respiration pathways in most of treatments. |
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