Avian Community During The Restoration Stage After Wetland Irrigation In Zhalong Nature Reserve

Avian community during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation was studied in Zhalong Nature Reserve in 2005 to 2009 based on community structure, guilds and indicator species. The contents include (1) avian community structure (basic component, species diversity, temporal and spatial patterns); (2) impact of environment factor to avian community; (3) response of avian community to environment factor; (4) relation between avian community and its habitat; (5) guilds and indicator species of avian community.The result revealed:(1) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, we had recorded 191 species birds, and they belong to 43 family of 14 order; The basic component of avian community has accordance with the distribution character of avian community in Northeast and wetland; the species that are endangered and need protected are more (95.81%); the species diversity index (α-diversity) is 1.4197, the evenness index is 0.2774; species-abundance take on the species distribution of commonness and rarity.(2) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, temporal patterns under different scale of avian community have accordance with the distribution of Zhalong Nature Reserve; environment disturbance play a bigger influence on year patterns of avian community. Spatial patterns of avian community are different (vertical stratification have accordance with the distribution of Zhalong Nature Reserve, horizontal pattern have obvious distribution character); many species have wide vertical spatial niche, and they distribute more vertical stratification based on ground tier or vegetation tier.(3) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, every environment factor under different environment gradient play different degree influence on avian community under different temporal scale, and they influence the species component of avian community. Habitat type with different habitat quality and water play an important effect on avian community, secondly fire, fishing and reed harvest, wetland tourism has lesser effect.(4) avian community have different degree response to environment factor under different temporal scale namely real-time response, short term response and long term response, and some new avian community was formed under the environment disturbance; but, the response level of avian community has no line relation with influence level, the response to habitat type and irrigation are the biggest, the next are reed harvest and fishing, fire and wetland tourism are the lesser. Moderate environment disturbance play the positive role to avian distribution; immoderate environment disturbance have more bigger influence on summer bird and passing migrant bird, and Passeriformes are sensitive to these disturbance. (5) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, distribution of different ecological group birds take on the character of polarization and overlap, lake, reed marsh with different water level and tree belt are the main habitat of Grallatores, Natatores, Passeres and Raptatores.(6) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, the guilds under different environment gradient (water level and habitat type) and different life history take on the distribution character of zone-narrowing, macro-zone and master zone.(7) during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation, the habitat under different environment gradient have different indicator species; the indicator species of lake are Aythya ferina, Anas platyrhynchos, Larus ridibundus, Fulica atra, Podiceps cristatus, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Gallinula chloropus, Larus saundersi, Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias hybrida, Riparia riparia; the indicator species of reed marsh is Ardea cinerea, of these, Chlidonias leucoptera, Chlidonias hybrida and Riparia riparia have good indicator to reed marsh with lake; Acrocephalus orientalis and Falco amurensis reflect reed marsh with deep water level; Emberiza schoeniclus, Anser cygnoides, Motacilla flava and Vanellus vanellus reflect the habitat quality of reed marsh with shallow water level; Alauda arvensis and Anthus novaeseelandiae are indicator species of meadow steppe; Grus grus and Anser albifrons are indicator species of farmland; Passer montanus, Corvus macrorhynchos and Pica pica, are indicator species of tree belt.(8) by analyses, regional characteristic of environment, subjectivity of habitat type, landscape pattern and habitat heterogeneity after environment disturbance are a key factor of avian community structure mechanism during the restoration stage after wetland irrigation in Zhalong Nature Reserve.(9) wetland irrigation had an positive influence to wetland restoration and avian distribution; the habitat quality of some zone was improved, and the population and abundance of avian distributed in these zone take on a good trend (for example reed marsh); but, Zhalong wetland has still in the status of lack water, and environment disturbance still exist, irrigation play only a certain degree positive role, wetland restoration is a long term work.The result enriched the theroy of ecological adaptation mechanism of avian community under specific environment condition, and can provide reference for wetland resource monitor, protection and management in Zhalong Nature Reserve from the temporal, spatial, object, way and content view, and also for making valid management policy and putting into effect in other wetland Nature Reserve.Basing above result, we put forward the following management suggests:(1) the key month of avian management is March to October, breeding stage is the main period, the next is spring migration period and autumn migration period; (2) ground tier and vegetation tier are the key monitor zone of avian management; (3) summer resident bird, passing migrant bird and Grallatores, Natatores, Passeres and Raptatores are the key monitor object of avian management; (4) the monitor way have three, area-mnitor to lake aiming at Grallatores and Natatores, net-monitor to reed marsh (and sedge marsh, meadow steppe, farmland) aiming at Grallatores and Passeres, dot-monitor to tree belt aiming at Passeres and other endangered species; (5) habitat quality and water are the key monitor content of habitat management, the next are fire, fishing and reed harvest; during the spring migration, habitat quality and water are the key, the next are surplus reed, fire, fishing and wetland tourism; during the breeding, habitat quality and fire are the key, the next are water, fishing and wetland tourism; during the autumn migration, habitat quality and water are the key, the next are fishing; (6) if it need fire, then spring migration period is good; (7) if it need irrigation, then autumn migration period is good.