Modern Physiology In China: 1851～1926

It is the fist period when modern physiology spread in China from 1851 to 1926.In this period, modern physiology entered China and grew up in China. The dissertation studied the establishment process of physiology in China from five aspects: literature, newspaper and periodicals, schooling, countrymen's attitude, translated terms.First, The dissertation introduced and analyzed representational books such as QUANTIXINLUN(《全体新论》),XINGSHENZHIZHANG(《省身指掌》),SHENLIQIMENG(《身理启蒙》),TIGONGXUE(《体功学》)and SHENGLI(《生理》). It discussed the evolution and effect of early physiological literature in China. It discovered that there were five commom characters in content of physiological literature in China before Jiawu War. TIGONGXUE(《体功学》), which was published in1906 after Jiawu War, was a representative of transition of modern physiological literature in China. It made great advances not only in content but also in form. In fact it was a bridge which linked original phase and mature phase . It produced a great impact on later physiological literature in China. To sum up, physiological literature in China underwent three phase: first original phase (QUANTIXINLUN(《全体新论》),XINGSHENZHIZHANG(《省身指掌》)and so on),then interim (TIGONGXUE(《体功学》) ), last Chinese themselves written teaching material.The dissertation analyzed TIGONGXUE(《体功学》), SHENGLI(《生理》) and SHENGLXUEI(《生理学》) written by Cai Qiao(蔡翘). It discovered that the physiological literature in China was affect by Japanese literature and occident literature. The former's effect was mainly on form and the latter mainly on content.The dissertation analyzed opinions of the advanced intelligentsia of the time about flesh structure and function. It discovered that the early physiological literature in China made medical student, scholar and some intellectuals ( They were called the flower of people in the dissertation ) know the modern western physiology for the first time.Second, the dissertation introduced and analyzed physiological articles in famous temporal medical journals and comprehensive newspaper and periodicals. It discovered that the article in medical journals mainly introduced clinical experience. Physiology was involved but occupied a little proportion. Most of them introduced determining physiology constant about Chinese people by missionary doctor. Meanwhile, all of the temporalcomprehensive newspaper and periodicals published article which introduced the knowledge of western physiology. Thus newspaper and periodicals is main medium through which the masses of the time in China contact the physiology knowledge.Third ,the dissertation introduced and analyzed early physiological schooling in domestic and physiological education of student abroad beyond the sea,and discussed their character and action. Physiological schooling in domestic include four parts: training assistant by early missionary doctors ; church medical schools such as Peking Union Medical College; medical schools which was set up by Chinese people themselves; secondary education which comprised physiology lesson In later Qing and the republican period.It discovered that physiological education for student abroad beyond the sea promoted directly foundation of physiology in China. Lin Kesheng(林可胜),who is initiator of Chinese physiology society, have studied in the University of Edinburgh in England. Among the first 11 members of Chinese physiology society , Zhang Xijun(张锡钧),Cai Qiao(蔡翘),Ma Wenzhao(马文昭),Lin Shumo(林树模) and so on have studied abroad also.These students abroad went back home and promoted the foundation of physiology in China.Fourth, the dissertation discussed and analyzed countrymen's attitude to western physiology. The dissertation mainly discussed and analyzed the course in which Chinese herbalist doctor society accepted western physiology. Before Jiawu War, there were three attitudes to western physiology among the Chinese herbalist doctor society: rejected all, accepted part but thought it was not as good as Chinese archaian physiology, used the part which can be used and regardless the part which can not be used. After 1930s Chinese herbalist doctor society accepted all western physiology. In modern education field, western physiology entered into basic subject system in the Chinese medicine education. The dissertation thought all these facts indicated that after Jiawu War, the Chinese herbalist doctor society accepted physiology thoroughly. It also discussed the effect on the masses produced by western physiology. It thought western physiology was recognized universally by the masses in China.Fifth, the dissertation studied on translation, evolution and unification of physiological terms in modern China. It discovered that neologies which were coined by Medical Missionary Association of China were eliminated at last, some terms such as WEI(胃),GAN(肝),PI(脾),XIAOHUA(消化) were keep in using all the time, some terms we used today is also used by Japan.Through analyzing and discussing on the five aspects, the dissertation made clear the main establishment process of modern physiology in China .it also analyzed the effect produced by Japan and occident. It thought the affect produced by the latter was more important than the one produced by the former. The effect produced by Japan was mainly on content.